Nonribosomal peptide synthases

ENZ enzyme assays, SC structural composition, MM molecular methods, IL isotopic labeling, IF isotopic fractionation, INH inhibition studies, UNK unknown, LOX lipoxogenase, EPSP synthase 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate, SDH shikimate dehydrogenase, PAL phenylalanine ammonium lyase, PKS polyketide synthase, NRPS nonribosomal peptide synthase 1 Gerwick 1999 2 Liu et al. 1994 3 Boonprab et al. 2003 4 Cvejic and Rohmer 1999 5 Disch et al. 1998 6 Chikaraishi et al. 2006 7 Schwender et al. 2001 8 Schwender et al. 1997 9 Mayes et al. 1993 10 Shick et al. 1999 11 Richards et al. 2006 12 Bouarab et al. 2004 13 Pelletreau et al., unpublished data 14 Dittman and Weigand 2006 15 Rein and Barrone 1999 Empty columns imply no direct evidence of these enzymes from these systems... 

Some of the functions of the S. coelicolor CYPs are in secondary metabolism operons, for example, CYP158A2 located downstream of a Type III polyketide synthase and CYP105N1 located downstream of a nonribosomal peptide synthase. These are currently subject to functional studies using the tools of gene disruption and metabolite/metabolome profiling, although not all the secondary metabolite genes identified... 

Trauger J W, Walsh C T (2000). Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of the first module of nonribosomal peptide synthase for chloroeremomycin, a vancomycin-type glycopeptide antibiotic. Proc. Natl. Acad. 97 3112-3117. 

Walsh, C.T., Gehring, A.M., Weinreb, P.H., Quadri, L.E. et al (1997) Post-translational modification of polyketide and nonribosomal peptide synthases. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol, 1... 

Kalkitoxin must be derived from a mixed polyketide/nonribosomal peptide synthase pathway, hi spite of intensive research on cyanobacterial PKS/NRPS, the kalkitoxin biosynthesis gene was not disclosed. 

---