Nonionized compounds surface-active agents

Surface-Active Agents. Polyol (eg, glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, and propylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) esters of long-chain fatty acids are nonionic surfactants (qv) used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, cleaning compounds, and many other appHcations (103,104). Those that are most widely used are included in Table 3. 

A great number of nonionic surfactants have been ethoxylated and subsequently reacted with P4O10. The acid phosphate esters from this reaction possess surface properties and detergency similar to the nonionic surface-active agents employed as reactants. Detergency tests and foam heights from the Ross-Miles method have been reported for a series of compounds. Various formulations for all-purpose cleaners are given as well [37,40,41,44,48]. 

The inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adherence to hydroxyapatite with combinations of alkyl phosphates and nonionic surfactants was tested. Seven alkyl phosphate derivatives and three nonionic surfactants were examined for their ability to inhibit the adherence of 3H-labeled cells of S. mutans to hydroxyapatite treated with buffer or parotid saliva. No compound by itself effectively hindered binding of bacteria to hydroxyapatite. A combination of certain of the alkyl phosphates, notably a disodium phosphate of 1-octadecanol, and nonionic surfactant at a 1 1 molar ratio gave a strong inhibition of S. mutans adherence. Treatment with this combination resulted in 98% reduction of adherence. Adsorption of the two types of surface-active agents alone and in combinations was studied using 14C-labeled agents. Electrophoretic measure-... 

To increase the usefulness of bioremediation as an effective field remedial tool, significant investments have been made towards the development of means to remove sorbed PAHs, attack sources of NAPL, and subsequently increase the aqueous solubility/bioavailability, and thus the biodegradability, of targeted compounds. To date, one of the most effective ways to accomplish these tasks involves the use of surface active agents (i.e., surfactants). A variety of synthetic surfactants have been shown effective in increasing the bioavailability of PAHs and other hydrophobic contaminants (Kile Chiou, 1989, 1990 Edwards et al., 1991 Liu et al., 1991). Although the solubilization process is not completely understood, these studies showed that a variety of ionic and nonionic surfactants could significantly increase the water solubility of monitored chemicals. 

Donbrow, M. and E. Azaz. 1976. Solubilization of phenolic compounds in nonionic surface-active agents. II. Cloud point and phase changes in solubilization of phenol cresols, xylenols, and benzolcOdtahid Interface Sci57 20-27. 

The 5-(Q -D-glucosyloxy-methyl)furfural (4) became readily available from isomaltulose (3) by dehydrative cycHzation of its fructose part by the action of acid [25]. Its aldehydic group has been also transformed into a variety of functional groups of which compounds such as 5 and 6 are representative they can be used as nonionic surface active agents and exhibit h-quid crystalline properties. Such compounds are characterized by having a hydrophilic glucose part and a hydrophobic fat-alkyl moiety separated by a quasi-aromatic spacer [26-28]. The diastereoisomers of ranunculin were... 

Surfactant Surface active agent is a compound that alters the surface tension of a hquid in which it is dissolved. AH surfectants have large polar molecules. One end of the molecule is soluble in water (due to carboxyl, sulphate, hydroxyl, or srJphonate groups) and the other end is readily soluble in oils (organic groups). Synthetic sur ctants are of three types anionic, cationic and nonionic. 

Donbrow,D., and Azaz, E., "Solubilization of Phenolic Compounds in Nonionic Surface-Active Agents",. J Coll. Inter. Sci.,57, 20-27 (1976). 

Internal antistatic agents are of interfacially active character, and via migration accumulate on the surface of the plastic product. Their molecules posses hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups the former confer a certain compatibility with the polymer and the hydrophilic groups take care of the binding and exchange of water on the surface. They are anionic, cationic or nonionic compounds [97]. External agents are applied to the surface of the plastic material in the form of aqueous or alcoholic solutions. 

The physicochemical properties (surface tension, cmc) of these surfactants in binary mixtures with water are comparable to other nonionic surface-active agents. They have no hemolytic activity toward red blood cells. As to the cellular viability of hybridoma cell cultures, compounds 36 and 37 show a behavior strictly identical to that of commercial biocompatible surfactants [85]. 

Gorenc, B., D. Gorenc, A. Rosker, Preconcentration of nonionic surfactants by adsorption on ion-exchange resin in the cobaltithiocyanate form, Vestn. Slav. Kem. Drus., 1986,33,467 74. Barber, A., C. C. T. Chinnick, P. A. Lincoln, Mixtures of surface-active quaternary ammonium compounds and polyethylene oxide type of nonionic surface-active agents. Analyst, 956,81,18-25. 

Barber, A., C. C. T. Chinnick, P. A. Lincoln, Mixtures of surface-active quaternary ammonium compounds and polyethylene oxide type of nonionic surface-active agents. Analyst,... 

Anionic and cationic products generally tend to interact with each other, usually diminishing the surface-active properties of both and often resulting in precipitation of the complex formed. Amphoteric compounds can also be incompatible with anionics in acid solution but are generally compatible with cationics and nonionics. Interaction between anionic and cationic agents can sometimes be prevented by addition of a nonionic. In some cases, if an ethoxylated sulphate or phosphate is used as the anionic component a cationic compound produces no obvious precipitation, since the oxyethylene chain acts as dispersant for any complex that may be formed. 

Cg, Cio, and C12 carbon atoms in their alkyl chain, showed surface activity with CMC values in the range of about 10 to 10 mol dm The CMC-alkyl chain relationship was typical—the longer the alkyl chain, the lower the CMC. The a anomers exhibited slightly lower CMC values than the p anomers. The hydrochlorides are good foaming agents with high foam stability above CMC. The nonionic compounds XLV, XLVI, XLVII, and... 

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