Nonfouling Surfaces

Microbes can form biofilms, which are surface-bound collections of cells with altered metabohsm [98, 99]. Because biofilms can cause disease or sepsis and are often resistant to drugs, medical devices and implants that resist biofilm formation 

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Fig. 9 Example of a contact-killing and microbe-repelling surface, (a) Antimicrobial cationic polyW.iV-dimethyl-iVTethoxycarbonylmethyll-iV-P -tniethacryloyloxylethyll-ammonium bromide) left structure) effectively kills bacteria, (b) The polymer is converted into the corresponding nonfouling zwitterionic derivative (right structure) upon hydrolysis, (c) Dead bacteria remaining on the surface are repelled from the nonfouling surface, (d) The zwitterionic surface itself is highly resistant to bacterial adhesion. Reproduced and adapted from [136]...

Nonfouling Surfaces Based on SAMs and Their Use in Biomolecular Recognition... 

Siloxane polymers have been widely used in antimiaobial and nonfouling surfaces, but their use as solution-based antimiao-bials is far more limited. Sauvet et developed a... 

Nafion is a membrane material of excellent physicochemical properties. Unfortnnately, its snrface properties promote protein adsorption, which eliminates it from many biomedical applications. To change it, the PP of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme)/HEMA was deposited on the Nafion surface (Valdes et al. 2008). Nonfouling surfaces were obtained with a controllable number of hydroxyl groups to which biomimetic molecules could be linked. The problem of... 

Chu, L.-Q., Knoll, W., Forch, R., 2006. Pulsed plasma polymerized di(ethylene glycol) monovinyl ether coatings for nonfouling surfaces. Chem. Mater. 18, 4840—4844. 

Dalsin JL, Hu BH, Lee BP, Messersmith PB. Mussel adhesive protein mimetic polymers for the preparation of nonfouling surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2003 125 4253-4258. 

Emoto, K., Nagasaki, Y., lijima, M., Kato, M. and Kataoka, K. (2000) Preparation of nonfouling surface through the coating with core-polymerized block copolymer micelles having aldehyde-ended PEG shell. Colloid. Surf. B Biointerf, 18, 337-346. 

A surface modified with polyethylene oxide (PEO) has been shown to exhibit resistance to fouling by protein adsorption and platelet adhesion [169]. This is mainly due to the nonionic hydrophilic characteristics and its high chain mobility in water. Such nonfouling surfaces are important to biological and medical applications such as diagnostic assays, drug-delivery systems,... 

Fig. 4 Tethering of short bioadhesive peptides onto nonfouling surfaces supports cell-adhesive activities. A Schematic diagram showing specific integrin binding to bioadhesive RGD motif. B RGD immobilization onto nonfouling support promotes cell adhesion and spreading...

This section describes applications of the spectroscopy of SP and polymer-guided waves for the observation of formation and swelling of polymer films, investigation of diffusion and interaction of molecules in polymer networks, and characterization of polymer nonfouling surfaces. Let us note that this section is not a complete review in these fields and only a limited set of examples were selected for the sake of illustration of the described methods, particularly, from the field of functional hydrogels for biosensor and smart surfaces development. 

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