Nonbiological applications

In nonbiological applications, mixed ruthenium complexes of bipyridyl ligands and substituted pteridine diones have been used as components of photovoltaic cells <2002JPH167>. When fabricated into sol-gel processed titanium oxide electrodes, these complexes achieved photocurrent conversion efficiency in the range 20 8%. 

Fig. 5 Reversible formation of hydrazones under acidic conditions (for nonbiological applications) or catalyzed by aniline at pH 6.2 (for biological applications)...

Block copolymers can also assemble into vesicular objects when dispersed in an organic solvent selective for one of the blocks. Such systems that form vesicles in nonaqueous media can be exploited for nonbiological applications and will not be an object of discussion here. Information concerning their nature and self-assembly is available in reference [167],... 

The results of FTIR analysis on chlorophyll LHC complex from Sigma Aldrich (USA) is shown in Figure 12.42. The figure also compares IR absorption from crude chlorophyll complex extracted from neem leaves. The comparison between their nature of IR absorption indicates that the molecular composition of the specimens are mostly the same, and that crude extracted chlorophyll can be used in cost effective ways for nonbiological applications such as light-harvesting or development of solar cells. 

In this book, and in Chapter 10 in particular, we take a look at the many applications of bioimpedance and bioelectricity, including clinical, laboratory, borderline medical and nonmedical, nonmedical, and nonbiological applications. 

Nonbiological Applications Outside the Scope of This Book... 

Other interests involve the use of palladium-containing compounds themselves in nonbiological applications. For instance, the products derived from the condensation of KpPdCl. with polyvinyl pyridine form materials with low threshold voltages for imagining and high-speed recording (2). Flexible, electrically conductive films have been prepared from the reaction of K PdCli with polyimides (3). 

Although previous applications of this technique in our laboratory had been concerned with aquatic animal metabolism of pesticides such as DDT, parathion, carbaryl, and trifluralin (14, 15), we also became interested in comparing metabolic routesljy means of a "metabolic probe". Such a compound ideally should be stable to nonbiological degradation, of low toxicity to maximize the dose, and subject to as many major routes of metabolism as possible without undue analytical complexity. 

A number of other molecules with nonbiological commercial applications may be found among the patent literature. 

Compared to nonbiological catalysts, enzymes often provide products of higher enantiomeric purity. The required amount of catalyst is much lower. Synthetic catalysts however, are often much more widely applicable their substrate specifity is not as limited as those of their biological counterparts. With regard to their use in complex syntheses, both synthetic and biological catalysts will be indispensable in the future. 

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