Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases

Ku, J., Mirmira, R.G., Liu, L. andSanti, D.V. (1997) Expression of a functional non-ribosomal peptide synthetase module in Escherichia coli by coexpression with a phosphopantetheinyl transferase. Chemistry Biology, 4 (3), 203-207. 

Bacitracin biosynthesis requires a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase with three major protein components, BacABC. This synthetase has a modular structure. There are associated regulatory and transport systems. Biosynthesis of bacitracin has been engineered in the surrogate host, B. subtilis, by genetic techniques. A strain, B. subtilis KE 350, expresses the entire 49-kb bacitracin... 

Tanaka A et al., A symbiosis expressed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase from a mutualistic fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrass confers protection to the symbiotum from insect herbivory, Mol Microbiol 57 1036—1050, 2005. 

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) Unit selection Shuttling of intermediates . 2. 2 TO O (0 0 1 8 C 0 3, Product release... 

Challis GL, Ravel J (2000) Coelichelin, a New Peptide Siderophore Encoded by the Streptomyces coelicolor genome Structure Prediction from the Sequence of its Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 187 111... 

Polyketide synthases, fatty acid synthases, and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases are a structurally and mechanistically related class of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of biopolymers in the absence of a nucleic acid or other template. These enzymes utilize the common mechanistic feature of activating monomers for condensation via covalently-bound thioesters of phosphopantetheine prosthetic groups. The information for the sequence and length of the resulting polymer appears to be encoded entirely within the responsible proteins. 

The glycopeptide antibiotics are glycosylated secondary metabolites of bacteria and fungi that are s)mthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. The term glycopeptide antibiot-... 

Recent studies on the mechanism of biosynthesis of cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics have proved that these are systematically synthesized by the multifunctional proteins, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). 

Silakowski, B., Nordsiek, G., Kunze, B., Blocker, H., and MUller, R. (2001). Novel features in a combined polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase The myxalamid biosynthetic gene cluster of the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca Sgal5. Chem. Biol. 8, 59-69. 

Peptide synthetases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases NRPS), large multifunctional enzymes catalyzing template-directed non-ribosomal peptide synthesis. 

Thiotemplate mechanism, the central principle of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases are multienzyme complexes where every single reaction step in the synthesis of the final product is performed by a specialized protein module. The growing peptide chain is connected to the single modules across a thioester bond. The transfer... 

EISENDLE, M OBEREGGER, H., ZADRA, L, HAAS, H The siderophore system is essential for viability of Aspergillus nidulans functional analysis of two genes encoding 1-omithine N 5-monooxygenase (sidA) and a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (sidC), Mol. Microbiol., 2003, 49, 359-375. 

S. aureus possess a highly conserved non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster to synthesize cychc dipeptides. 

Johnson EG, Krasnoff SB, Bignell DR, Chung WC, Tao T, Parry RJ, Loria R, Gibson DM (2009) 4-ni-trotryptophan is a substrate for the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase TxtB in the thaxtomin a biosynthetic pathway. Mol Microbiol 73 409-418... 

Butz D, Schmiederer T, Hadatsch B, Wohlleben W, Weber T, Suessmuth RD (2008) Module extension of a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase of the glycopeptide antibiotic balhimycin produced by Amyco-latopsis balhimycina. Chembiochem 9 1195 1200... 

E)-2-Nonenol, 2898-2900 Non-enzymatic browning, 1783 Nonfat cocoa solids (NFCS), 2319 Noninsulin-dependent, 3806 Nonmammalian species, 4076 Non-MVA, 3571 Non-natural analogs, 1664 Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), 42, 699... 

Moreover, the PKS enzyme can be hybridized with non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) domains (see also NRPS metabolites and peptides in the Alkaloids section), leading to the acylation of an amino acid by the (C ) acyl intermediate. As previously, the functionalization of the acyl chain depends on the PKS enzyme, and the PKS/NRPS products are also extremely diversified (e.g., hirsutellone B Fig. 1.2) [8]. 

NRPS (non-ribosomal peptide synthetase) genes. For further information on non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis, see Schwarzer, Finking, and Marahiel (2003), Dorrestein and KeUeher (2006) and Wenzel et al. (2006). 

In addition, directed evolution can be used to re-engineer non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) that in turn may be applied to the biosynthesis of novel macrocyclic products. Formation of the ring relies on application of an appropriate chemical step, often utilizing specific residues... 

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