Non-leading

Whitcomb, R.M. (1975), Non-lead antiknock agents for motor fuels . Chemical Technology Review No. 49, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ. 

Non-Lead PVC Stabilizers Closiag Performance Gap ia Wine," Plastics Technology Maga ne, 35—36 (1993). 

Current usage is almost entirely associated with the good adhesion to aluminium. Specific applications include the bonding of aluminium foil to plastics films, as the adhesive layer between aluminium foil and polyethylene in multilayer extrusion-laminated non-lead toothpaste tubes and in coated aluminium foil pouches. Grades have more recently become available for manufacture by blown film processes designed for use in skin packaging applications. Such materials are said to comply with FDA regulations. 

Elicit adverse effects of drug therapy using a non-leading approach and ask the patient/caregiver to judge their severity and what measures, if any, the patient used to ameliorate them. Assess adherence (ask patient about missed doses or do a pill count if the prescription container was brought to the visit). 

Elicit adverse events of therapy in a non-leading manner and ask the patient to judge their severity. Ask the patient or par-ents/guardians what measures if any were used to ameliorate them. Assess adherence (ask patient or parents/guardians about missed doses do pill counts if the prescription vial is available). 

Sayles, D.C. (1975) Propellant composition of NC-type containing non-lead ballistic modifiers. US Patent 3,860,462. 

Enamels used on cast iron and aluminum have traditionally been composed of SiO., B Oi. PjOs, and PbO. The lead oxide produces good surface quality, fusibility, and acid resistance when properly formulated with other oxides. More recently some non lead-bearing compositions have been developed for both cast-iron and aluminum metals. Glasses containing lead oxide are not recommended for food contact surfaces. 

Rishton GM (2003) Non-lead-likeness and lead-likeness in biochemical screening. Drug Discov Today... 

Kaseler, T.G., Non-lead stabilizer systems for PVC wire and cable extrusion (An Update), J. Vinyl. Addit. Tech., 1993, 15(4), 196-201. 

Mizuno, K.M., Hirukawa, H., Kawasaki, O., Noguchi, H., and Suzuki, O., Development of Non-Lead Stabilized PVC Compounds for Insulated Wires and Cables, Furukawa Review, 1999, 18, 111-118. 

Non-leading terms, including single powers of In (Za) and constants, are both state-dependent, but unknown. 

Iselin, N.J., llth-12th Sept.2001, p.97-101 NON-LEAD AND HEAVY METAL-FREE TRENDS IN WIRE AND CABLE Grant J... 

Non-lead and heavy-metal-free (HMF) stabilised PVC compounds present a viable material alternative to vinyl lead-based systems for wire and cable applications. Trends driving the use of these non-lead and HMF materials in... 

Toronto,27th April-2nd May 1997,p.3496-502. 012 RECENTLY-DEVELOPED NON-LEAD PVC STABILISERS FOR WIRE AND CABLE... 

Risk reduction is a world wide problem and of course a concern to the field of PVC stabilisers. The replacement of lead stabilisers in wire and cable applications is demonstrated. Newly developed non-lead stabilisers (RUP-series) are shown to offer excellent heat stability, electrical and mechanical properties compared with traditional wire and cable formulations. The overall processability is shown with experimental and actual results. The gradual increase in use of ADKs and other non-lead stabilisers in the USA and Japan demonstrates industry s concern for the public demand in saving the environment without direct laws banning the use of lead. JAPAN... 

Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance, Let s Get the Lead Out Non-lead Alternatives for Fishing Tackle, May 2002. Available at http //www.moea.state.mn.us/reduce/ sinkers.cfm (accessed September 2004). 

Cs/9-benzene homologues as high-octane blending components for low-lead and non-leaded supergrade gasolines,... 

Halox. [Hanunond Lead Prods.] White non-lead inhibitive pigments. 

Subramanian KS, Connor JW, Meranger JC. 1991. Leaching of antimony, cadmium, copper, lead, silver, tin and zinc from copper piping with non-lead-based soldered joints. J Environ Sci Health A26(6) 911-929. 

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