Non-implantable materials

These materials are used for external applications on the body and may or may not make contact with skin. Table 5.1 illustrates the range of textile materials employed within this category, the fibres used, and the principal method of manufacture. 

A number of wound dressing types are available for a variety of medical and surgical applications. The functions of these materials include providing protection against 

Product application Fibre type Manufacture system 

Plasters Viscose, plastic film, cotton, polyester, glass, polypropylene Knitted, woven, nonwoven 

Wadding Viscose, cotton hnters, wood pulp Nonwoven 

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Commonly used natural fibres are cotton and silk, but also included are the regenerated cellulosic fibres (viscose rayon) these are widely used in non-implantable materials and healthcare/hygiene products. A wide variety of products and specific applications utilise the unique characteristics that synthetic fibres exhibit. Commonly used synthetic materials include polyester, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene, carbon, glass, and so on. 

A selection of bandages and products made from non-implantable materials are shown in Figs. 5.3 and 5.4. 

Fig. 5A Miscellaneous surgical hosiery and other products made from non-implantable materials (a) cervical collar, (b) foam padded arm sUng, (c) adjustable wrist brace,...

Medical textiles embrace all those textile materials used for medical devices in health and hygiene plications in both the consumer and medical markets, thus comprising a group of products with considerable variations in terms of product performance and unit value. Categories of medical textiles include non-implantable materials, implantable materials, healthcare and hygiene products, and extracorporeal devices. The application of different fibres for fabricating medical textiles for medical devices is illustrated in Tables 1-3, which focus on non-implantables, implantables, and healthcare/hygiene, respectively. 

The first generation of tubular implants for PN repair were made of silicone rubber, which showed some success [68, 69, 72, 145]. Another non-degradable material is poly(acrylonitrile-co-methylacrylate) (PAN-MA). Recently, a peripheral nerve... 

The mass gain data for the ion-implanted material was not corrected for the non-implanted part of the specimen surface. 

The primary purpose of this chapter Is to review the types of devices that are being used In the human body at the present time as artificial organs, prosthetic devices or general Implants. Subsequent chapters In this book will consider some of these devices, etc. In more detail. In a similar manner, other papers consider the various polymeric and non-polymerlc materials that are used and discuss the specialized requirements for these applications. These areas are covered In this paper only slightly since they are discussed In detail elsewhere. 

As a result of the rejection of implanted material, peroxides are produced inside the body that causes oxidative degradation of medical polymers. The oxidative degradation of medical polymers occurs inside the human body and can be monitored in simulated environments [22, 23]. The reaction is caused by the peroxides produced by the human body against non-accepted implant materials through a rejection mechanism [22, 24]. 

The introduction of biologically active agents into the porous structure of the fiber opens alternatives for the design of biomedical applications. Biodegradable and non-toxic materials that are able to work directly and locally in the human or animal are beneficial as implants used as drug delivery devices or temporary implants in... 

By suitably coating surgical implant materials, the tendency of the latter to induce thrombosis is greatly reduced. Co-polymerisation of dipalmitylphosphatidyl choline and alkyl methacrylate, for example, results in coatings which are stable, non-toxic, anti-inflammatory and devoid of other unwanted bioeffects. Some phospholipids can be immobilised by attachment to the surface of silica... 

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