Node tree

A technique called a node tree, borrowed from a systems analysis technique called IDEFg, is useful. It is described in Section 24.3.2. IDEFq is widely used in analyzing activities in processes. An alternative, or even supplemental approach, is to use the SCOR model developed by the Supply-Chain Council. Section 23.1 describes the SCOR model. 

In Figure 25.4, we illustrate the approach with a node tree from our three-company supply chain. The activity architecture resembles an organization chart. The lead company. High Tech, performs the activities in clear boxes. Other shading indicates the roles for Process and Old Line. This is characteristic of the top-down viewpoint and supports the practical application of what we referred to earlier as abc. One can extend the chart as far down as one wishes, depending on the nature of the activity. For example, A231 Fabricate components can break down into a multitude of manufacturing processes needed to produce final producf components. 

If TSet is empty then DT is a single-node tree labelled null... 

Datasets. For both demonstration and testing we used classifications of scientific names from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http //www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) that were downloaded on different dates December 14, 2(X)5 and September 19, 2006. Tutorial data were from the Lepidoptera branch (moths and butterflies tree 1=4103 nodes, tree 2=6262 nodes) while the test data were from the Aves branch (birds tree 1=6912 nodes, tree 2=8140 nodes). 

There are two types of nodes in the decision tree decision nodes (rectangular) and chance nodes (circular). Decision nodes branch into a set of possible actions, while chance nodes branch into all possible results or situations. 

A hierarchical system is the simplest type ofdatabase system. In this form, the var-iou.s data typc.s also called entities (sec figure 5-,3) arc as.signcd. systematically to various levels (Figure 5-5). The hierarchical system is represented as an upside-down tree with one root segment and ordered nodes. Each parent object can have one or more children (objects) but each child has only one parent. If an object should have more than one parent, this entity has to be placed a second time at another place in the database system. 

Figure 6-4. Backtracking approach realized as depth-first search aigorithm. Dotted arrows trace the route used for traversing all mappings in the search tree. Each node in the tree corresponds to a mapping between Cq and C-p (Figure 6-2).

A molecule is represented by a tree which Rarey and Dixon called a feature tree, within which the nodes are fragments of the molecule. The atoms belonging to one node are connected in the molecular graph. A node consists at least of one atom. 

Edges in the feature tree connect two nodes which have atoms in common or which have atoms connected in the molecular graph. Rings are collapsed into single nodes. 

It is possible to represent molecules with feature trees at various levels of resolution. The maximum simplification of a molecule is its representation as a feature tree with a single node. On the other hand, each acyclic atom forms a node at the highest level. Due to the hierarchical nature of feature trees, all levels of resolution can be derived from the highest level. A subtree is replaced by a single node which represents the union of the atom sets of the nodes belonging to this subtree. 

Decision trees give a graphical representation of a procedure for classification. They consist of nodes and branches the leaf nodes give the classification of an instance. 

Search trees are widely used to represent the different states that a problem cem adopt, example is shown in Figure 9.4 from which it should be clear where the name deri especially if the page is turned upside down. A tree contains nodes that are connected edges. The presence of an edge indicates that the two nodes it connects ctre related in so way. Each node represents a state that the system may adopt. The root node represents initial state of the system. Terminal nodes have no child nodes. A goal node is a special k of terminal node that corresponds to Em acceptable solution to the problem. 

Tree representation of the conformation search problem for hexane. Unlike the tree in Figure 9.4 the path gth from the root node to any of the terminal nodes is constant. 

Fig. 12.39 Tree describing the rules to differentiate active and inactive inotropic compounds. Each of the terminal nodes corresponds to the numbers of active and inactive molecules produced by the application of the preceding rules.

Decision Trees In a typical decision tree, illustrated in a very simplified form by Fig. 9-24, each node represents a decision point (DP) at which one or more alternatives are available. Some quantifiable result of each alternative is chosen as a basis for comparison for example, the net present value (NPV). A value is assigned to the probability of attaining each result, either cumulative or not as required. These may be obtained by the methods just described or otherwise. The estimates are subject to the restriction that the sum of the proba-... 

Ex-Target Tree. (EXTGT Tree) A branching tree structure formed by retrosynthetic analysis of a target molecule (treetop). Such trees grow out from a target and consist of nodes which correspond to the structures of intermediates along a pathway of synthesis. 

A fault tree may either stand alone or be coupled to an event tree to quantif" bability. The top event in either case is the abjective of performing the analysis. If tht is the reliability of a system under specific conditions - then that is the top event. If it is to qua iify a node of an event tree the top event title is that of that particular node subject to the condi ons imposed by the preceding modes. 

---