Nitrogen nuclear processes

Carbon is the I4th most abundant element, making up about 0.048% of the Earths crust. It is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, which contains 3.5 atoms of carbon for every atom of silicon. Carbon is a product of the cosmic nuclear process called fusion, through which helium nuclei are burned and fused together to form carbon atoms with the atomic number 12. Only five elements are more abundant in the universe than carbon hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon, and nitrogen. 

For main sequence secondary stars in massive close binary systems, a strong boron depletion must also be expected due to the transfer of nuclear processed matter however, a very noticeable CNO-signature is always present in this case (cf. e.g. de Loore De Greve, 1992). Therefore, the existence of boron depleted stars with a roughly normal nitrogen abundance would be a clear indication of rotational mixing. 

Relaxation of nitrogen nuclei apparently is governed by modulation of the electron-nuclear dipolar interaction, the so-called END mechanism. The nitrogen nuclear relaxation probability can be greater than the electron spin-lattice relaxation probability. See, for example, the paper by Popp and Hyde [45]. One consequence of this process is that it can alter the apparent relaxation time of the electron since it gives rise to parallel relaxation pathways. One must distinguish between apparent and actual electron spin-lattice relaxation probabilities. 

The elemental composition of our sun is about 73% hydrogen, 25% helium, and 2% carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements distributed as shown in Figure 17.2. In all, approximately 70 elemrats have been detected in the solar spectrum and diere are reasons to believe that all the elements to uranium are present in our sun. Let us now consider the reactions for the formation of all these elements and the energy producing nuclear processes in our sun and other stars. 

Another type of nuclear process, known as nuclear transmutation, results from the bombardment of nuclei by neutrons, protons, or other nuclei. An example of a nuclear transmutation is the conversion of atmospheric 7N to C and jH, which results when the nitrogen isotope is bombarded by neutrons (from the sun). In some cases, heavier elements are synthesized from lighter elements. This type of transmutation occurs naturally in outer space, but it can also be achieved artificially, as we will see in Section 20.4. 

Tritium was first prepared by nuclear transmutation, defined as the conversion of one element into another by a nuclear process. Rutherford, in addition to all his other contributions to chemistry and physics, was the first to carry out the alchemists dream. In 1919 Rutherford was still working with his alpha particles, this time shooting them into various gases. When he used nitrogen gas, the results indicated... 

Other gas-treating processes involving sulfolane are (/) hydrogen selenide removal from gasification of coal, shale, or tar sands (qv) (108) (2) olefin removal from alkanes (109) (J) nitrogen, helium, and argon removal from natural gas (110) (4) atmospheric CO2 removal in nuclear submarines (5) ammonia and H2S removal from waste streams (6) H2S, HCl, N2O, and CO2 removal from various streams (111—120) and (7) H2S and SO2 removal from... 

Write a nuclear equation for each of the following processes (a) oxygen-17 produced by a particle bombardment of nitrogen-14 (b) americium-240 produced by neutron bombardment of plutonium-239. 

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