Nitrogen energy inputs

Normal weathering processes that occur in nutritious soils release nutrients, but they are often not available at rates that promote maximum biomass yields. Fertilization is usually necessary to maximize yields. Since nitrogenous fertilizers are currently manufactured from fossil fuels, mainly natural gas, and since fertilizer needs are usually the most energy intensive of all the inputs in a biomass production system, a careful analysis of the integrated biomass production-conversion system is necessary to ensure that net energy production is positive. Trade-offs between synfuel outputs, nonsolar energy inputs. 

In the traditional process route to melamine is produced by reacting calcium carbide with nitrogen to yield calcium cyanamide, and then to cyanamide, dicyandiamide, and melamine. The process requires a great deal of energy input due to its high reaction temperature. 

The HALOE and SNOE observations also show the dynamic behavior of the nitrogen oxides at different heights (Plate 11). For example, above 100 km altitude, the NO concentration is characterized by a strong seasonal component associated with solar energy input. At 97 km, the evolution of the NO concentration is primarily influenced by the intensity of the atmospheric tides. The vertical wind produced by the migrating diurnal tides can induce factor 2 changes over 12 hours in the mixing ratio of NO at the equator (Marsh and Russell, 2000). 

Chameides, W. L. (1979). Effect of variable energy input on nitrogen fixation in instantaneous linear discharges. Nature 277, 123-125. 

Figure 6-4. Conversion degree a of N2-O2 mixture into nitrogen oxides as funetions of spe-eifie energy input Fy (1) simulation of the pro-eess stimulated by vibrational excitation of nitrogen moleeules (2) simulation of the thermal process assuming ideal quenching of products ...

Figure 6-17. Dependence of NO yield on specific energy input into non-equilibrium microwave discharge with magnetic field in premixed N2-O2 system at different nitrogen-to-oxygen concentration ratios (1) [N2] [O2] = 8 1 (2) [N2] [O2] =6 1 (3) [Nj] [Oj] =4 1 ...

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