Nitrogen biochemistry

P. W. Wilson, The Biochemistry of Symbiotic Nitrogen Eixation, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis., 1940. 

Heteropolyacids (HPA) are the unique class of inorganic complexes. They are widely used in different areas of science in biochemistry for the precipitation of albumens and alkaloids, in medicine as anticarcinogenic agents, in industry as catalysts. HPA are well known analytical reagents for determination of phosphoms, silica and arsenic, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, oxidants and reductants in solution etc. 

Vervoort, J., etal. (1986). Bacterial luciferase a carbon-13, nitrogen-15, and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance investigation. Biochemistry 25 8067-8075. 

A67. V. I. Lyubimov, Biokhimiya Fiksatsii Molekulyarnogo Azota (Biochemistry of the fixation of molecular nitrogen). Nauka, Moscow, 1960. 

The energy provision by carbohydrate metabolism has been extensively studied Ihm the beginning of this century, chiefly in an attempt to understand the basic biochemistry of alcohol production from carbohydrafe. However, many laboratory culture media contain only nitrogenous compounds and their metabolism is of importance as it clearly provides energy for growth and maintenance. 

Vitamin E consists of a family of related compounds, the tocopherols. The most abundant in the American diet is 7-tocopherol and, although it is potentially superior in the detoxification of nitrogen dioxide, the biochemistry of a-tocopherol is considered more relevant to cardiovascular disease (Kayden and Traber, 1993). Vitamin E undoubtedly has several modes of action in vim. The most clearly understood of these, at the chemical level, is the role of a-tocopherol as an antioxidant. 

H. H. Janzen and Y. Bruinsma, Methodology for the quantification of root and rhizosphere nitrogen dynamics by exposure of shoots to N labelled ammonia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2/ 189 (1989). 

W. Kolb and P. Martin. Influence of nitrogen on the number of Ni-fixing and total bacteria in the rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20 221 (1988). 

E. Liljeroth, J. A. Van Veen, and H. J. Miller, As.similate translocation to the rhizosphere of two wheat lines and subsequent utilization by rhizosphere microorganisms at two soil nitrogen concentrations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 22 1015 (1990). 

M. P. Bec-Fcrte, H. B. Krishnan, D. Prome. A. Savagnac, S. G. Pueppke. and J.-C. Prome, Stractures of nodulation factors from the nitrogen lixing soybean symbiont Rhizobium fredii USDA257. Biochemistry. (.( l 1782 (1994). 

Wang, Y., Huang, X., and Yuan, Q., Nitrogen and carbon removals from food processing wastewater by an anoxic/aerobic membrane bioreactor, Process Biochemistry, 40, 1733-1739, 2005. 

A convenient preparative method for conjugated nitroalkenes has been developed based on the reaction of nitrogen oxides. Nitric oxide (NO) is commercially available and used in the industry for the mass production of nitric acid. Nitric oxide is currently one of the most studied molecules in the fields of biochemistry, medicine, and environmental science.47 Thus, the reaction of NO with alkenes under aerobic conditions is of a renewed importance.48... 

The discovery in 1973 that polysulfur nitride (SN)X, a polymer comprised only of non-metallic elements, behaves as a superconductor at 0.26 K sparked widespread interest in sulfur-nitrogen (S-N) chemistry. In the past 30 years, the field of inorganic S-N chemistry has reached maturity and interfaces with other areas of chemistry, e.g., theoretical chemistry, materials chemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry and biochemistry, have been established and are under active development. This interest has been extended to Se-N and, to a lesser extent, Te-N systems. 

Jousserandot, A., Boucher, J. L., Henry, Y., Niklaus, B., Clement, B., Mansuy, D., Microsomal cytochrome P450 dependent oxidation of N-hydroxyguanidines, amidoximes, and ket oximes mechanism of the oxidative cleavage of their C=N(OH) bond with formation of nitrogen oxides, Biochemistry 37 (1998),... 

Neill, C., Piccolo, M. C., Melillo, J. M., Steudler, P. A., Ceni, C. C. (1999). Nitrogen dynamics in Amazon forest and pasture soils measured by 15N pool dilution. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 31, 567-572. 

Most biochemistry texts discuss the so-called nitrogen cycle in some depth. Rose (above), for example, touches on the topic a few times. Additional information may be found at the http //academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen, http //www.infoplease.com/ ce6/sci/A0860009.html and http //helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes/nitrogen.htm Websites. 

Interpretation of the process of fermentation by yeast was one of the most controversial issues for vitalists. Its resolution was fundamental for the future development of biochemistry. In the early nineteenth century fermentation was believed to be related to putrefaction and decay. Liebig considered it to result from the breakdown of a substance (sugar) following the admission of air to the nitrogenous components in yeast juices. After the must of grape juice had fermented, the liquid cleared and the yellow sediment, yeast, was deposited. 

Wilson, P.W. The Biochemistry of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, pp. 302 (1940). 

Ludden, P.W. and G.P. Roberts. The biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation by photosynthetic bacteria. In Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,... 

Cook, P.F., Oppenheimer, N.J. and Cleland, W.W. (1981). Secondary deuterium and nitrogen-15 isotope effects in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Chemical mechanism of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 20, 1817-1825... 

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