Nitro, acids glycerin

Nitro isobutyl glycerine trinitrate is soluble to concentrated sulfuric acid and dissociated to produce nitric acid. It is sensitive to react with bases as saponification reaction, especially for hydroxides of alkali metals and alkali-earth metals. Nitro isobutyl glycerine trinitrate can be destroyed by NaOH. In water or dilute acids, it is diflhcult to be hydrolyzed. However, in dilute base solution, it can be hydrolyzed to a yellow solution with a hydrolyzation constant of 1.81 x 10... 

Nitro isobutyl glycerine trinitrate is less thermally stable than nitroglycerine. It would be slowly decomposed during storage. The decomposition will be accelerated by acids, bases, water, and other impurities, or under heat treatment because of the self-catalyzed reaction of nitrogen oxide released in the decomposition process. 

It is different to prepare nitro isobutyl glycerine trinitrate from other nitrate esters. Two steps must be adopted in sulfuric acid predissolution method before nitration because the viscosity of isobutyl glycerine is high. Nitro isobutyl glycerine sulfate is first prepared and then nitrated to the nitrate ester by a mixed acid, as shown in the following mechanism. 

Those two steps are reversible reactions. Thus, the parameters in the reactions, such as concentrations of acids, amounts of acids, esterification temperature, would significantly influence the yield and purity of nitro isobutyl glycerine trinitrate. 

Other explosives, discovered in the nineteenth century, were nitroglycerine, a liquid that is absorbed in a solid to make dynamite, and nitrocellulose, a solid that produces less smoke (smokeless powder). They are made by heating glycerine and cellulose with nitric acid, a process that adds nitro (-NO2) groups. Another important explosive is trinitrotoluene, made by heating (very carefully) toluene in nitric acid,... 

Hemp Nitrate (Nitrohemp) (In French Nitro-chanvre). Nitrohemp resembles cotton nitrocellulose or nitrojute in its properties. It may be prepared by nitrating hemp with mixed nitric-sulfuric acid. Trench (Ref 2) proposed using it as1 a basic ingredient in commercial explosives. Other components were collodion cotton, resin, ozokerite, glycerin etc Ref Daniel (1902), 773... 

CA 50, 6796(lS)56)(Addn to acid-contg nitrated products such as NG, NGc or NC of AN ammonia and/or org bases, such as amines, amides, urea, etc) C)Nitro-glycerin Aktiebolaget (Sweden), BritP 766588... 

An oxidant. Combusdble when exposed to heat and flame. Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Explosive reacdon with solid or concentrated alkali + heat (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), aluminum chloride + phenol (at 120°C), aniline + glycerol + sulfuric acid, nitric + sulfuric acid + heat. Forms explosive mixmres with aluminum chloride, oxidants (e.g., fluorodinitromethane, uranium perchlorate, tetranitromethane, sodium chlorate, nitric acid, nitric acid + water, peroxodisulfuric acid, dinitrogen tetraoxide), phosphorus pentachloride, potassium, sulfuric acid. Reacts violendy with aniline + glycerin, N2O, AgC104. To fight fire, use water, foam, CO2, dry chemical. Incompadble with potassium hydroxide. When heated to decomposidon it emits toxic flames of NOx. See also NITRO COMPOUNDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. 

Biazzi S.A. [5] is using an ingenious method of utilizing spent acid from the nitration of glycerine to nitrate toluene to dinitrotoluene. Toluene is added to (he spent acid at a temperature gradually increasing up to 90 C. Nitro yccrine... 

Here the constant is in the neighborhood of 50, but depends upon the temperature that the reaction is being done at. What this equation means is that the reaction goes forward making nitro until the concentration of nitro in the mixture times the concentration of water to the third power, divided by the concentration of nitric acid times the concentration of glycerin to the third power reaches the value of the constant. 

There are two routes to disaster for improperly purified explosives. Route number one, often taken by improperly purified nitro and its close relatives is the least dangerous. With nitro, at least in small quantities, if all the acid used in its manufacture is not removed from the product, then it begins to break down. Within a day or two, it is no longer explosive. In all probability, it reverts back to glycerin. 

Nitro is a member of the nitric ester family, and is made the same way as the rest of the family. Nitric acid is reacted with an alcohol (in this case glycerin) to form the ester nitroglycerin. 

---