Nitric oxide, formation

Alternative approaches to nitric oxide formation include irradiation of air in a nuclear reactor (72) and the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide in a fuel cell generating energy (73). Both methods indicate some potential for commercial appHcation but require further study and development. 

Misik V, Riesz P (1996) Nitric oxide formation by ultrasound in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem 100(45) 17986-179948... 

Feelisch, M., Noack, M., Correlation between nitric oxide formation during degradation of organic nitrates and activation of guanylate cyclase. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 139 (1987), p. 19-30... 

Servent, D., Delaforge, M., Ducrocq, C., Mansuy, D., Lenfant, M., Nitric oxide formation during microsomal hepatic denitration of glyceryl trinitrate involvement of cytochrome P-450. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163 (1989),... 

Zhang, Z., Naughton, D., Winyard, P. G., Benjamin, N., Blake, D. R., Symons, M. C. R., Generation of nitric oxide by a nitrite reductase activity of xanthine oxidase a potential pathway for nitric oxide formation in the absence of nitric oxide synthase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249 (1998), p. 767—772... 

Scheme 7.9 Hydrolysis of cyclohexanone oxime to hydroxylamine with nitric oxide formation.

Scheme 7.10 P450 Cytochrome-mediated nitric oxide formation from oximes.

Nitric oxide formation from hydroxyurea requires a three-electron oxidation (Scheme 7.15) [114]. Treatment of hydroxyurea with a variety of chemical oxidants produces NO or NO-related species , including nitroxyl (HNO), and these reactions have recently been extensively reviewed [114]. Many of these reactions proceed either through the nitroxide radical (25) or a C-nitroso intermediate (26, Scheme 7.15) [114]. The remainder of the hydroxyurea molecule may decompose into formamide or carbon dioxide and ammonia, depending on the conditions and type of oxidant (one-electron vs. two electron) employed. 

Scheme 7.15 Oxidative nitric oxide formation from N-hydroxyureas.

Scheme 7.16 Mechanism of nitric oxide formation from the reaction of hydroxyurea and hemoglobin.

Aminoguanidine, a novel inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, prevents diabetic vascular dysfunction, Diabetes 41 (1992), p. 552-556... 

B., On the mechanism of nitric oxide formation upon oxidative cleavage of C=N(OH) bonds by NO-synthases and cytochromes P450, Biochimie 77 (1995), p. 661-667... 

Barlow, R. S., N. S. A. Smith, J.-Y. Chen, and R. W. Bilger (1999). Nitric oxide formation in dilute hydrogen jet flames Isolation of the effects of radiation and turbulence-chemistry submodels. Combustion and Flame 117, 4—31. 

Flagan, R. C. and J. P. Appleton (1974). A stochastic model of turbulent mixing with chemical reaction Nitric oxide formation in a plug-flow burner. Combustion and Flame 23, 249-267. 

Little is known about the mode of action of nitrosothiols regarding their biological properties. There appears to be no direct connection between their reactivities towards nitric oxide loss and biological activity38,48. However, the experiments which have been carried out in these studies relating to rates of nitric oxide formation do not recognize... 

G. S. Marks, B. E. McLaughlin, S. L. Jimmo, M. Poklewska-Koziell, J. F. Brien, K. Na-katsu, Time-Dependent Increase in Nitric Oxide Formation Concurrent with Vasodilation Induced by Sodium Nitroprusside, 3-Morpholinosydnonimine, and 5-Nitroso-V-ace-tylpenicillamine but not by Glyceryl Trinitrate , Drug Metab. Dispos. 1995, 23, 1248 — 1252. 

M. Delaforge, A. Piffeteau, J. L. Boucher, A. Viger, Nitric Oxide Formation During the Cytochrome P450-Dependent Reductive Metabolism of 18-Nitro-Oxyandrostenedione , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995, 274, 634 - 640. 

The relative importance of these three mechanisms in NO formation and the total amount of prompt NO formed depend on conditions in the combustor. Acceleration of NO formation by nonequilibrium radical concentrations appears to be more important in non-premixed flames, in stirred reactors for lean conditions, and in low-pressure premixed flames, accounting for up to 80% of the total NO formation. Prompt NO formation by the hydrocarbon radical-molecular nitrogen mechanism is dominant in fuel-rich premixed hydrocarbon combustion and in hydrocarbon diffusion flames, accounting for greater than 50% of the total NO formation. Nitric oxide formation by the N20 mechanism increases in importance as the fuel-air ratio decreases, as the burned gas temperature decreases, or as pressure increases. The N20 mechanism is most important under conditions where the total NO formation rate is relatively low [1],... 

V. CELLULAR SOURCE OF INTERLEUKIN 1-INDUCED NITRIC OXIDE FORMATION BY ISLETS OF LANGERHANS... 

IDDM is a disease in which /3 cells of islets are selectively destroyed. How does a nonspecific effector molecule (nitric oxide) mediate the selective destruction of the /3 cell We propose that the specificity of cytokine interactions with the /8 cell, and the intrinsic sensitivity of the /3 cell to oxidative damage relative to other endocrine cells may impart this selective destruction. In rats the effects of lL-1 appear to be specific to the /3 cell. lL-1 induces iNOS expression and the overproduction of nitric oxide by /3 cells, but does not induce expression of iNOS or nitric oxide formation in other islet endocrine or nonendocrine cells of the... 

Effects of cytokines on the formation of nitric oxide by human islets as determined by EPR spectroscopy. Human islets were treated for 18 hr with 75 U/ml lL-1, 3.5 nM TNF-a, and 750 U/ml IFN-y, the islets were then isolated, and EPR spectroscopy was performed as described previously (Corbett et al., 1993b). Cytokine induced nitric oxide formation is demonstrated by the genetation of an EPR detectable g = 2.04 iton-nitrosyl complex which is prevented by 0.5 mM NMMA. Reproduced with permission from Proc. Nall. Acad. Set. U S.A. (Corbett et al., 1993b). 

Bergmann, L., Kroncke, K.-D., Suschek, C., Kolb, H., and Kolb-Bachofern, V. (1992). Cytotoxic action of lL-1/3 against pancreatic islets is mediated via nitric oxide formation and is inhibited by N -monomethyl-L-arginine. FEES Lett. 299, 103-106. 

Turk, J., Corbett, J. A., Ramanadham, S., Bohrer, A., and McDaniel, M. L. (1993) Biochemical evidence for nitric oxide formation from streptozotocin in isolated pan creatic islets. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197, 1458-1464. 

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