Nicotine patch for

Fiore MC, Smith SS, Jorenby DE, et al The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation. JAMA 271 1940-1947, 1994 Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al Smoking Cessation. Clinical Practice Guideline No 18 (ACHPRPublNo 96-0692). Rockville, MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996... 

Shiftman S, Khayrallah M, Nowak R (2000b) Efficacy of the nicotine patch for relief of craving and withdrawal 7-10 weeks after cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2 371-378... 

Blondal T, Gudmundsson LJ, Olafsdottir I, Gustavsson G, Westin A (1999) Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation randomised trial with six year foUow up. BMJ 318 285-289... 

Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Jespersen LB, et al. Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2000 96 967-971. 

Transdermal nicotine patch for postoperative pain management a pilot dose-ranging study. Anesth Analg 2008 107(3) 1005-1010. 

Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, et al A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Eng J Med 340 685— 691, 1999... 

Transdermal nicotine (i.e., the nicotine patch) is also available over the counter for smoking cessation. This form of nicotine dehvery may be espe-... 

Transdermal nicotine is available in a variety of formulations and dosing schedules (e.g., 15 mg/l6 hours 7, 14, and 21 mg/24 hours and 11 and 22 mg/ 24 hours) (Cinciprinni and McClure 1998). Peak nicotine concentrations for the various systems are reached 2-6 hours after application, and steady state conditions occur 2—3 days after continued patch use (Henningfield 1995). The highest-dose patch (i.e., 21 or 22 mg/24 hours or 15 mg/l6 hours) delivers approximately 0.9 mg of nicotine per hour transdermally (Henningfield... 

In general, for smokers with cardiac disease, the benefits of nicotine replacement therapy outweigh the potential risks. In a safety and efficacy study that included veterans with cardiac disease, smoking concurrently with the nicotine patch was not associated with an increase in adverse events (Joseph et al. 1996). Although bupropion SR is generally well tolerated by smokers, it has not been adequately studied in persons with cardiac disease, and definitive conclusions regarding its safety in this patient population cannot currently be made (Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2003). 

Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Schatzberg AF, etal Nicotine patch and paroxetine for smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol 68 883—889, 2000 Kornitzer M, Boutsen M, Dramaix M, et al Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation aplacebo-controlled clinical trial. Prev Med24 41 7,1995... 

Oncken CA, Hatsukami DK, Lupo VR, et al Effects of short-term use of nicotine gum in pregnant smokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 59 654-61, 1996 Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking towards a biobehavioral explanation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8 503—513, 1984 Prochazka AV, Weaver MJ, Keller RT, et al A randomized trial of nortriptyline for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 158 2035-2039, 1998 Puska P, Korhonen HJ, Vartiainen E, et al Combined use of nicotine patch and gum compared with gum alone in smoking cessation a clinical trial in North Karelia. Tob Control 4 231-235, 1995... 

Finally, the literature on human nicotine discrimination suggests that it may be important as an initial screening tool for medication development, such as by indicating a novel compound s site of action. However, the effect of pretreatment with a novel compound on nicotine discrimination per se will not necessarily predict the likely clinical efficacy of that compound, because of the uncertain association between discrimination and self-administration, among other unknowns in medication screening (see Perkins et al. 2006). This notion is supported by the fact that nicotine patch, an FDA-approved medication for smoking cessation, does not alter nicotine discrimination, while mecamylamine, a promising but as yet unapproved cessation medication, does block nicotine discrimination. Animal research... 

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