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Substituent Alkyl (see next page) Structure R — Prefix alkyl- Suffix... 

The following diagram, given as 6.17.3 on the next page, shows the cyclic natiu e of the steps used to form the intermediate layers of an electronic device. In this case, we have shown at least 8 individual steps needed to fabricate this structure. Note that the use of photoresist is not indicated in the CVD steps, although it plays a significant role in the overall process. Note that these same 8 steps can be repeated so as to build up a series of electrical and isolated layers which comprise the overall IC design... 

Figure 7. Structures of several polysaccharide gelling agents. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 121. Copyright 1980 Society of Petroleum Engineers.) Continued on next page.

Flowchart C illustrates another topic of study. It can be considered a graphical translation of the English program on the next page. This is a special kind of flowchart called a "WHILE scheme". One of its salient points is that it has no "GOTOs" - the only loops are subsumed by the WHILE statements. We shall examine special structural properties of schemes, such as block form, and conversions to such forms these may really be considered syntactic properties of flowcharts since they depend primarily on the graph structure. However they are very useful in discussing semantic considerations. 

The Lewis dot formula predicts 2 regions of high electron density, a linear electronic and ionic geometry around the N atom and sp hybridization for the N atom (Section 28-15). The three-dimensional structure is shown on the next page. 

Figure 3. NBS Smoke Chamber results (non-flaming) for two grades of polycarbonate structural foam. Continued on next page.

Figure 7. LEED pattern and structure of pyridine at Pt(lll). A. LEED pattern of PYR adsorbed at Pt(lll), 51 eV. Continued on next page.

Figure 7. Continued. E. Diagram of calculated LEED pattern corresponding to nearest commensurate structure, (2v/3xv/21, 79.1 )R30. Continued on next page.

Alcohols are named from the parent alkane the alkane with the same basic carbon structure. Follow the steps on the next page to name an alcohol. The Sample Problem that follows gives an example. 

Addition polymerization is a reaction in which monomers with double bonds are joined together through multiple addition reactions to form a polymer. Figure 2.12 illustrates the addition polymerization reaction of ethene to form polyethene. Table 2.1, on the next page, gives the names, structures, and uses of some common polymers that are formed by addition polymerization. 

DNA is one type of nucleic acid. The other type of nucleic acid is called RNA (short for ribonucleic acid). RNA is present throughout a cell. It works closely with DNA to produce the proteins in the body. Table 2.3, on the next page, shows the structures of RNA and DNA. 

Fig. 4. The structure of the cation of 4B, [Fe402(BICOH)2(BICO)2 (02CPh)4]showing the 40% probability thermal ellipsoids. Only the first atom of the phenyl rings is shown. BICOH stands for bis(N-methylimldazol-2-yl)carbinol. BICO is the alkoxide anion, (a) The Fe402 core iron coordination spheres and bridging benzoate groups. Continued on next page.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1AA.27) is discussed in some detail here and on the next page as an example of the structure and function of an enzyme. 

The active center of an LDH subunit is shown schematically in Fig. 2. The peptide backbone is shown as a light blue tube. Also shown are the substrate lactate (red), the coenzyme NAD (yellow), and three amino acid side chains (Arg-109, Arg-171, and His-195 green), which are directly involved in the catalysis. A peptide loop (pink) formed by amino acid residues 98-111 is also shown. In the absence of substrate and coenzyme, this partial structure is open and allows access to the substrate binding site (not shown). In the enzyme lactate NAD"" complex shown, the peptide loop closes the active center. The catalytic cycle of lactate dehydrogenase is discussed on the next page. 

A two-dimensional space-filling structure is obviously present but is not easily discussed in terms of "strands and "crosslinks." Continued on next page. 

FIGURE 2. Structures of the four 2-pyridyl aldoxime isomers in Table 2, shown from top to bottom in order of increasing stability. The black atom in each ring is the nitrogen the small white atoms are hydrogens. (Figure 2 is continued on the next page.)... 

For many molecules it is possible to formulate valence-bond structures that are so reasonable and that account so satisfactorily for the properties of the substances that they are accepted by everyone without hesitation. The structures given on the next page may be shown for illustration. The physical and chemical properties of substances and the configurations of molecules associated with structures of this type are well understood, and this understanding forms the basis for a large part of chemical reasoning. 

Figure 5. Some structural formulae of phenazine, phenoxazine, and phenothiazine mediators used at this laboratory for making CMEs used for electrocatalytic oxidation with NADH. continued on next page.

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