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The amino acids, basic building blocks of proteins, all share this dual acid-base character. See Chapter 13 for a description of the amino acids and their biological chemistry. Organic bases also have a long and varied history as painkillers and narcotics, as our Chemishy and Life Box on the next page describes. 

If we look at the past 2000 years history of fuels, usage has consistently moved in the direction of a cleaner fuel wood —> coal —> petroleum —> propane —> methane as shown on the next page. 

The relevant dimensionless parameters are a modified Thiele modulus, the normalized adiabatic temperature rise 0), and the Arrhenius number — a IRT. Plots for a first-order reaction in a spherical particle are shown in Figure 9.4 (next page). For highly exothermic reactions and large values of (3 the rate can be multivalued at modified Thiele moduli around 0.5, with two stable and one unstable steady states. At which state the particle performs depends on its prior history. 

The detection of hydrates in pipelines is a milestone marking both the importance of hydrates to industry and the beginning of the modern research era. As a complement to the history prior to 1934 in Table 1.2, hydrate studies in more recent times are indicated in Table 1.3. The key scientific developments and applications to the natural gas industry are listed in Table 1.3. With this listing as an abstract, an introduction to modern research is provided in the next few pages, with more details and literature references in later chapters. 

Figure 12.3 shows the result of searching for the word "aspirin" in Entrez s PubChem Compound database. This default display of multiple records in Entrez is referred to as a document summary (DocSum) report and is common to all Entrez databases. At the top are the common Entrez controls (database selection and search input box) and tabs for other Entrez tools (e.g.. Limits, History, etc.) some of which are described in more detail below. Note that the format of this page evolves over time, but the basic controls remain the same. Moving down the Doc-Sum page, the next section contains controls to change the display type the default is "Summary" (as shown). Each Entrez database has report styles that vary in type and detail of information shown, the overall format is the same—a list of records. 

Savino, John, and Marie D. Jones, Supervolcano The Catastrophic Event that Changed the Course of Human History (CouldYellowstone be Next ), New Page Books, Franklin Lakes, NJ, 2007. 

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