Neuroleptics addiction

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of cocaine addiction, hyperprolactinemia associated with pituitary adenomas, neuroleptic malignant syndrome... 

Before leaving the abuse and addiction area, the exciting work in which animal models are used to map genes for drug abuse, alcoholism, neuroleptic-induced catalepsy, and stimulant response deserves mention (Crabbe et ah, 1994 Kanes et al., 1996 Grisel et al., 1997). The application of powerful quantitative trait loci (QTE) approaches to animal models will almost... 

Adverse effects Large doses of meperidine cause tremors, muscle twitches, and rarely, convulsions. The drug differs from opioids in that in large doses it dilates the pupil and causes hyperactive reflexes. Severe hypotension can occur when the drug is administered postoperatively. When used with major neuroleptics, depression is greatly enhanced. Administration to patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (see p. 123) can provoke severe reactions such as convulsions and hyperthermia. Meperidine can cause dependence, and can substitute for morphine or heroin in use by addicts. Cross-tolerance with the other opioids occurs. 

Clonazepam (Klonopin), a benzodiazepine tranquilizer, has been used to treat both acute mania and as prophylaxis. It has all the many, sometimes severe, problems associated with the other benzodiazepines, including sedation, rebound and withdrawal syndromes, addiction, and behavioral abnormalities (chapter 12). Neuroleptics remain the mainstay for controlling acute manic reactions. 

Breggin, P. (1989a). Addiction to neuroleptics American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 560. 

Dl-R ligand (> 10), D2-R ligand (>10), Dl-R ligand (>10) (D-TR, 5HT-TR, O-R) [anti-addictive, anticonvulsant] D-R antagonist (Glu-R antagonist) (Mayan [anti-spasmodic, antiviral, neuroleptic] blue lotus emblem of Nefertem, God of Perfiimes in wine gives tranquil euphoria ... 

Treatment of Parkinson s disease, acromegaly. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, cocaine addiction, hyperprolactemia associated with pituitary adenomas. 

Diphenoxylate is an opiate (schedule V) with antidiarrheal properties. It is usually dispensed with atropine and sold as Lomotil. The atropine is added to discourage the abuse of diphenoxylate by narcotic addicts who are tolerant to massive doses of narcotic but not to the CNS stimulant effects of atropine. Diphenoxylate shonld be used cautiously in patients with obstructive jaundice because of its potential for hepatic coma, and in patients with diarrhea cansed by pseudomembranous colitis because of its potential for toxic megacolon. In addition, it should be used cautiously in the treatment of diarrhea caused by poisoning or by infection by Shigella, Salmonella, and some strains of E. coli because expulsion of intestinal contents may be a protective mechanism. Diphenoxylate should be used with extreme caution in patients with impaired hepatic function, cirrhosis, advanced hepatorenal disease, or abnormal liver function test results, because the drug may precipitate hepatic coma. Because diphenoxylate is structurally related to meperidine, it may cause hypertension when combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. As a narcotic, it will augment the CNS depressant effects of alcohol, hypnotic-sedatives, and numerous other drugs, such as neuroleptics or antidepressants that cause sedation. 

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