Neuroleptic drugs weight gain

Despite the widespread use of neuroleptics in maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder, there have not been any systematic studies of their suitability for this role. Through clinical experience it has been widely accepted that neuroleptics are useful adjunctive treatments to lithium and related drugs. Treatment refractory patients frequently respond to atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine or risperidone. Such adverse effects as EPS, cognitive dysfunction and weight gain frequently limit the long-term use of classical neuroleptics. For this reason, the atypical neuroleptics such as olanzapine and risperidone should now be considered as alternatives for maintenance treatment. 

Several cases of de novo onset or exacerbation of existing diabetes mellitus in patients treated with neuroleptic drugs have been reported and were not significantly related to weight gain. These included eight patients treated with clozapine (767,768) and two patients treated with olanzapine (768). 

New-onset diabetes mellitus in such patients is of particular concern, owing to the associated cardiovascular morbidity and the difficulty in managing diabetes in psychiatric patients. Soon after the first neuroleptic drugs were used, associations with weight gain and diabetes were reported (769,770). Nevertheless, even before antipsychotic drugs appeared, diabetes was observed to be more common in patients with schizophrenia (771). The rate of diabetes in patients with schizophrenia has been estimated at 6.2-8.7% (772) and at 0.8% in the general population in the USA (773). 

Weight gain related to the use of atypical neuroleptic drugs in children and adolescents, in whom this adverse effect is of particular concern, has been reviewed (804). The published data suggest that clozapine and olanzapine... 

There has been one comprehensive meta-analysis including over 80 studies and over 30 000 patients (814). A meta-analysis of trials of neuroleptic drugs showed the following mean weight gains in kg after 10 weeks of treatment clozapine, 4.5 olanzapine, 4.2 thioridazine, 3.2 sertindole, 2.9 chlorpromazine, 2.6 risperidone, 2.1 haloperidol, 1.1 fluphenazine, 0.43 ziprasidone 0.04 molindone, —0.39 placebo, —0.74... 

A report has illustrated how extreme the problem of weight gain associated with neuroleptic drugs can be (834). 

Ziprasidone is said to be associated with less weight gain than the other atypical neuroleptic drugs and than most typical ones (1210,1211). However, weight gain can occur. 

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