Nervous system structure

GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) is an amino acid with mostly inhibitory functions in the mammalian central nervous system. Structures involved in releasing or binding GABA as a neurotransmitter constitute the GABAergic system. The GABAergic system is involved... 

The neuropathological analysis of HIV-associated neuropathies should include the different central and peripheral nervous system structures associated with sensory pathways, including spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), peripheral nerve, and cutaneous nerve fibers (Pardo et al. 2001) (Fig. 4.1). The majority of studies have focused on the evaluation of the peripheral nerve, often from sural nerve biopsies and the DRG. Few studies have examined the pathology of sensory pathways in the... 

Lipids have critical roles in nervous system structure and function. Synaptic complexes and myelin are characterized by unique lipid compositions that contribute to the specialized properties of these nervous system structures. Multiple signaling pathways involving lipid intermediates regulate cell differentiation and synaptic transmission. 

Brain Circuitry. When we started this discussion of neurophysiology, we told you that it s hard to talk about nervous system structure without also talking about nervous system function and vice versa. Nowhere is this clearer than when we talk about brain circuitry. 

Although these studies are designed to specifically assess the effects of developmental exposures on nervous system structure and function, they are limited in the extent to which this complex system can be evaluated as part of routine testing. For example, assessment of... 

The primary target of carbon disulfide appears to be the nervous system. Neurophysiological and behavioral effects as well as pathomorphology of peripheral nervous system structures have been reported in humans as well as animals. Acute exposure to high concentrations of carbon disulfide can result in fainting and loss of consciousness. These effects were observed in 36-39% of 123 persons exposed to carbon disulfide following an accidental release of carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfuric acid from a viscose rayon factory in India (Kamat 1994). 

Chapter 1 is a comprehensive survey of the immunophilin area specifically focusing on neuroregenerative applications in the central nervous system. Structure-based drug design is assisted by X-ray and NMR structural analysis. 

Struzyna, L.A., Harris, J.P., Katiyar, K.S., Chen, H.I., Cullen, D.K., 2015. Restoring nervous system structure and function using tissue engineered living scaffolds. Neural Regen. Res. 10. 

When systemic or topical pharmacotherapy and other non-invasive approaches provide inadequate relief in patients with NP, interventional approaches may be used, including sympathetic blockade with local anesthetics, intraspinal drug delivery, spinal cord stimulation, peripheral subcutaneous nerve stimulation, or stimulation of specific central nervous system structures, and various neuroablative procedures (e.g. dorsal rhizotomy, neurolytic nerve block, intracranial lesioning). Neuroablative procedures are not reversible and should be reserved for carefully and properly selected patients with intractable pain. 

Shlmamoto and Honjo concluded from animal studies that bromhexlne affects tracheobronchial secretions by an action on central nervous system structures, probably In the areas of the emetic center In the medulla oblongata occurring both as a direct effect and Indirectly via stimulation of the gastric mucous membrane. Other animal tests Indicated bronchial secretions were Increased by bromhexlne as a result of an Improved permeability ratio between the bronchial mucous membrane and Its blood supply. The lytic effect of bromhexlne on human bronchial mucosa, observed vitro by electron microscopy, appears due to Increased secretion... 

Caffeine acts as a stimulant because it is an antagonist of adenosine, an inhibitor of the central nervous system. Structurally, caffeine resembles adenosine, and therefore binds to the adenosine receptor, blocking its action. With nothing to slow them down, there s greater dopamine and glutamate activity leading to increased neuron activity in the brain and more adrenaline production. Caffeine is slightly addictive because it is a cardiac stimulant. 

Nervous System. Structural and functional nervous system effects of lead are apparent. These effects involve the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, and motor and sensory nerves leading to specific areas of the body. Neural tissue is very sensitive to the toxic effects of lead with cases of brain swelling reported at even low lead concentrations. Severe subcellular damage is usually noted in the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex, and sometimes in the basal ganglia. This damage also impairs the flow of blood in the brain [25]. 

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