Pesticides nephrotoxicity

Anthelmintic agents have been utilized to treat a multimde of nematode infections. These include roundworms, tapeworms, and lungworms in cattle and swine. Two classes of compounds included as anthelmintic agents will be discussed here, lev-amisole and thiabendazoles (thiabendazoles can also act as pesticides). Thiabendazoles can cause nephrotoxicity, teratogenesis, and immunosuppression and can disrupt endocrine balance. Because of these toxicides, residues of these compounds in food animals are of food safety concern. 

Kluwe WM. 1981. The nephrotoxicity of low molecular weight halogenated alkane solvents, pesticides and chemical intermediates. Toxicol Kidney 179- 226. 

Pesticide toxicity is common in humans as well as in animals. The common pesticides that cause nephrotoxicity include paraquat, diquat, and zinc phosphide. 

Metabolomics has made remarkable inroads into the environmental research community. Here, a major emphasis is to understand the impact that environmental stress, such as pollution and climate change, has on wildlife. Indeed, many government organizations monitor the prevalence of pollutants in certain species of wildlife as indicators of the exposure risk within the environment. Studies of Japanese medaka have been conducted to investigate the effects of trichloroethylene, a common environmental pollutant, and the pesticide dinoseb, on the development of fish embryos (44, 45). Similarly, cadmium toxicity has been examined in the bank vole and rat and has revealed changes in lipid metabolism that preceded classical nephrotoxicity (46, 47). Another study investigated the effects of environmental toxins on earthworms (48). In particular, the analysis of earthworm tissue extracts by NMR spectroscopy identified maltose as a potential biomarker for ecotoxicity within a metal-contaminated site. 

Silicon occurrence, uses and essential chemistry Exposure to silicon containing compounds Nephrotoxicity of silicon containing compounds Pesticides ... 

Several urinary enzymes are useful in the assessment of nephrotoxicity, and these are discussed separately in Chapter 4. Although there is some application of cholinesterases in studying hepatotoxicity, these enzymes are important markers in pesticide-induced toxicities and are discussed in Chapter 11. Creatine kinase (CK) remains a useful marker for myotoxicity, but it is rapidly losing its place to troponins in the detection of cardiotoxicity (see Chapter 7). Amylase and lipase remain the enzyme markers of pancreatic toxicity. 

None of the mentioned renal effect parameters are specific for Cd. Other nephrotoxic agents such as mercury, chromium, lead, organic solvents and pesticides may also induce changes into these parameters (Herber et al., 1988). Table 1 gives an overview of the most common tubular and glomerular proteins, and tubular enzymes connected with Cd. 

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