Neonatal diabetes mellitus

Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J, Faravelli F, Casanova JL, Buis TN, et ak X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat Genet 2001 27 18-20. 

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 2, permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus type 1, familial hyperproinsulinemia with or without diabetes... 

B28. Blethen, S. L., White, N. H., Santiago, J. V., and Daughaday, W. H., Plasma somatomedins, endogenous insulin secretion, and growth in transient neonatal diabetes mellitus. J. CUn. Endocrinol. Metab. 52, 144-147 (1981). 

Katp channels are constantly open which prevents insulin secretion and causes both permanent and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (Kir6.2-PNDM/TNDM)... 

The mutations prevent the formation of disulphide bonds preventing normal folding of proinsuUn in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leading to ER stress, 3-cell apoptosis and neonatal diabetes mellitus (INS-NDM) Inactivating mutations cause decreased transcriptional activity influencing both pancreatic development and the transcription of key genes for insulin secretion (HNFIA-MODY)... 

A relatively new approach in treating diabetes mellitus is the transplantation of tissues containing pancreatic beta cells into patients with this disease.73,109 For example, islet tissues containing functioning beta cells can be harvested from adult, neonatal, or fetal pancreatic... 

It is estimated that about 2000 years ago, the average life expectancy (birth to death) of a Roman citizen was 22 years (W6). From then to 1900 it increased to 47 years in the United States and over the subsequent nine decades (1992) increased to 75.8 years (G16) (Fig. 1). This remarkable increase in life expectancy since 1900 is due primarily to the prominent decline in neonatal, infant, and maternal mortality rates, along with the control of various infectious diseases. More recently, there has been a significant, albeit much less, reduction in early deaths due to coronary heart disease and stroke (i.e., due to atherosclerosis), as well as to improved management and treatment of diabetes mellitus, cancer, and various other chronic disorders. Nevertheless, the maximum theoretical life span has possibly increased slightly over the past many centuries. The oldest-ever documented person in the world, Jeanne Calment of France, died on August 4, 1997, at the age of 122 years, 5 months, and 14 days (W10). It has recently been suggested that the maximum life span could be extended to 130 years or more (M6). 

Fig. 1 Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy is associated with fetal hyperinsullnaemia. In utero this leads to increased growth, while post-natally the persisting hyperinsullnaemia causes neonatal hypoglycaemia.

The development of biosensors, especially amperometric enzyme electrodes, is an area where SECM may have an important role. Biosensors find application in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, fermentation control in food processing, and biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals. Such sensing devices consist of a biorecognition layer (e.g., an enzyme layer) and a transducer (e.g., an amperometric electrode). Intensive efforts are currently devoted toward the development of miniaturized biosensors driven by the need to reduce sample volume (e.g., blood drawn from neonates or critically injured patients) or the need to work in confined microenvironments (e.g., in vivo monitoring). 

Takada J, Machado MA, Peres SB, et al. (2007) Neonatal streptozoto-cin-induced diabetes mellitus a model of insulin resistance associated with loss of adipose mass. Metabolism 56(7) 977. 

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