Near-term demonstration

Figure 14.9 Photograph of a Gr/PEEK laminate in which a bend was introduced and propagated into the workpiece using the near-term demonstration machine with a variable velocity profile. Fiber alignment, surface quality, and macroscopic shape are good...

Finally, while compressed gas appears to be winning the batde for near-term demonstration vehicles, the path to commercialization of any major new technology is a long one. In May 2003, Toyota recalled all six of its hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles when a leak was discovered in the fuel tank of one of the cars leased to Japan s Ministry of the Environment.23 The leak was found when a driver at the environment ministry heard a strange noise in the car when he was filling up the hydrogen tank. 24 The problem was quickly identified and was fixed a few weeks later. 

Evidence is demonstrated that the company is active to some degree for the specific area in question. This accounts for instances of partial compliance however, the system or documentation is not complete enough to avoid noncompliance in the near term. 

Zheng Z., Larson E.D., et al. Near-term mega-scale C02 capture and storage demonstration opportunities in China. 2010 Energy Environmental Science 3(9) 1153. 

The major market for the product fuel oil for the demonstration plant and near-term future commercial plants is expected to be existing power plants in the coastal metropolitan areas, where the physical and environmental costs of conversion to coal make such a conversion impractical. A significant characteristic of the SRC-II fuel oil for this application is its low sulfur content and thus the capability to meet stringent emission limits in urban areas. Coal-derived residual fuels will, in general, not meet these requirements without stack gas cleanup. 

Most near term hydrogen will likely be made from natural gas. A domestically secure alternative is coal. Every component of coal-to-hydrogen production processes is not only demonstrated on a commercial scale but is in commercial operation outside the United States, for example, to produce ammonia in China. The economics of large scale coal-to-hydrogen looks favorable if the 2003 prices for natural gas remain the norm. The largest challenges will be the transport of carbon dioxide and the availability of carbon dioxide sequestration reservoirs. Here the regulatory landscape is still not fully formed. 

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