Nature of emissions

Additionally the refractory lining (acid Si02 based, neutral AI2O3 based, or basic MgO based) may add a small amount of dust particles to the emission. 

It is difficult to obtain average emission data since the charge cleanliness, which is the dominant contributor to emissions, varies from foundry to foundry. 

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Unlike the continuous nature of emissions markets, command-and-control regulation has a dichotomous legal orientation. Exposure below the standard is okay, but exposure above the standard... 

Given the inherently competitive nature of emission and photocurrent, it should not be surprising that photocurrent was generally observed to increase with temperature. Figure 2 is a photocurrent-temperature profile obtained at +0.7 V vs. Ag (PRE) in sulfide electrolyte the light intensity and sulfide concentration employed ensured that photocurrents were limited by excitation rate and not by mass transport, i.e., photocurrents... 

The complex synergistic cycle of atomic oxygen transfer between the platinum group metal and ceria-zirconia promoter results in the catalytic nature of emissions control catalytic systems. 

On the basis of spectroscopic data reported on Bi " doped crystals and glasses, it can be noticed that the first excitation band clearly corresponds to the dominant absorption transition Ifom Sq to at either room or lower temperature, e.g. 4.2 K, and the nature of emission transition strongly depends on temperature. After electrons have been raised to some vibrational level of the excited state of Pi, part of them will, at lower temperatures, relax to the lower-lying Pq state by way of a nonradiative transition, and therefore the forbidden Pq So transition can be observed. However, at higher temperatures, electrons on the state of Pq, if there has ever been any electron populated on the state, will tend to be thermally depleted to P]. As a consequence, the emission due to the transition of Pi —> So preponderates. Thus, at room temperature the excitation peak in borate and silicate glasses (see column Aex of Table 14.1) is attributed to the transition of So —> Pi, and the emission to Pi Sq (see column Aem of Table 14.1) [44]... 

Gaft M, PanczCT G (2013) Lasta- induced time resolved luminescence spectroscopy of minerals - a powerful tool for stedying the nature of emission centers. Miner Petrol 107 363-372 Gaft M, Vorontsova L (1982) Luminescence of cassiterite and the possibilities of its practical use. Miner J4(5) 75-78... 

Primary or pretreatment of wastewater prior to biological treatment involves both physical and chemical treatment depending on the nature of the emission. 

OSEE Optically stimulated exoelectron emission [143] Light falling on a surface in a potential held produces electron emission Presence and nature of adsorbates... 

The ESDIAD pattern does, however, provide very usefril infomiation on the nature and synnnetry of an adsorbate. As an example, figure A1.7.13(a) shows the ESDIAD pattern of desorbed collected from a 0.25 ML coverage of PF on Ru(OOOl) [89]. The pattern displays a ring of emission, which indicates that the molecule adsorbs intact and is bonded tlirough the P end. It freely rotates about the P-Ru bond so that tlie emission occurs at all azimuthal angles, regardless of the substrate structure. In figure A1.7.13(b), the... 

For CW applieations of optieal-heterodyne eonversion, two laser fields are applied to the optoeleetronie material. The non-linear nature of the eleetro-optie effeet strongly suppresses eontimious emission relative to ultrashort pulse exeitation, and so most of the CW researeh earried out to date has used photoeonduetive anteimae. The CW mixing proeess is eharaeterized by the average drift veloeity t and earrier lifetime Xq of the mixing material, typieally... 

Confusingly, FAB is sometimes called secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), the secondary referring to the nature of the process (primary bombardment, secondary emission), but see next item. 

It is clear from Figure 7.18 that progressions and sequences are not mutually exclusive. Each member of a sequence is also a member of two progressions. However, the distinction is usefiil because of the nature of typical patterns of bands found in a band system. Progression members are generally widely spaced with approximate separations of cOg in absorption and co" in emission. In contrast, sequence members are more closely spaced with approximate separations of cOg — co". 

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

Lanthanide luminescence apphcations have already reached industrial levels of consumption. Additionally, the strongly specific nature of the rare-earths energy emissions has also led to extensive work in several areas such as photostimulable phosphors, lasers (qv), dosimetry, and fluorescent immunoassay (qv) (33). 

The nature of potential exposure ha2ards of low level microwave energy continues to be investigated (116—118). In the United States, leakage emission from microwave ovens is regulated to the stringent limit of 5 mW/cm at 5 cm (119). There is no federal limit on emission from industrial systems but the IMPI has set a voluntary standard which specifies 10 mW/cm at 5 cm (120). Emission values are equivalent to personnel exposures at several meters, well below limits that had previously prevailed in eastern Europe. This conclusion, derived for microwave ovens, should be vaUd for all microwave systems (121). 

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