Nature atmospheric emissions

Table 15-1 Natural and anthropogenic sources of atmospheric emissions"...

It is important and beneficial for the environment to reduce the sulfur levels in refinery products, as well as in energy fuel (e.g. natural gas, LPG and heating oil) [1]. It has been previously reported that atmospheric emission of sulfur combustion products contributes to acid rain, ozone, and smog generation. 

Forms of silver in atmospheric emissions are probably silver sulfide, silver sulfate, silver carbonate, silver halides, and metallic silver (Smith and Carson 1977). About 50% of the silver released into the atmosphere from industrial operations is transported more than 100 km and is eventually deposited in precipitation (USPHS 1990). Minute amounts of 110mAg have been detected in natural waters and are attributed to atmospheric fallout from nuclear explosions (Smith and Carson 1977). 

Other sources of river sulfate Include natural biogenic emissions to atmosphere delivered to land in rain (3%), votanism (8%) and pyrite weathering (11 %). 

Aneja, V. P Natural Sulfur Emissions into the Atmosphere, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 40, 469-476 (1990). 

As PAHs are widespread contaminants produced as a result of natural cycles (e.g., forest fires, plant decomposition and petrogenesis), as well as industrial activities, identification of anthropogenic PAHs contaminant sources is a challenge, particularly as atmospheric emissions are subject to long-range atmospheric transportation processes (Lockhart et al., 1992 ... 

The quantity of natural sulfur emitted to the atmosphere is dependent upon the availability of sulfur, the level of natural sulfur-reducing activity, and the environment into which the gases are released. At present, there is a lack of information on specific mechanisms of biological sulfur release. As a result, algorithms designed to predict natural sulfur emissions must be empirically based on analyses of correlations between observed natural sulfur emissions and environmental parameters. In order to extrapolate the available emission rate data, emission functions must be based upon parameters which are measurable and available on an appropriate scale of temporal and spatial resolution. 

Pyrogenic and natural biogenic emissions to the atmosphere in the Amazon basin may have an impact on the global tropospheric chemistry, because this region exhibits intense convective activity that injects gases and aerosols to high altitudes where they can be transported over long distances (Andreae et al. 1996, 1998, Echalar et al. 1998). Elemental concentrations in aerosols from Amazonia and Africa are very similar (Artaxo... 

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