National Bicycle

Parcells, H., and Replongle, M. (1992). Linking Bicycle/Pedestrian Facilities With Transit (National Bicycling and Walking Study. Case Study No. 9). Washington, DC U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Adminstration. 

In the United States, England, and other major nations, patents were awarded at the rate of about 5,000 per year per nation. In one peak year, bicycle-related patents comprised close to one-third of all patent-witing activity. Many of these patents were decades ahead of the technology to manufacture them for example, suspension systems invented a century ago became viable only with modern-day elastic materials and manufacturing technology. 

The shift to personal autos was slower in many European countries, where many of the population could not afford autos, and where the governments placed veiy high taxes on gasoline and automobiles. Bicycles, motorcycles and public transportation continued to be widely used in these countries. In addition to the economic factor, there was a cultural reason for Europe s slower embrace of the automobile. Europeans have long lived with high population density within finite borders. The United States of the 1940s was a far more rural nation, with sprawling farmland inside the borders of major cities. That autos took up lots of space in a city was an obvious drawback to the European mind, hut irrelevant in Texas. 

The poorer nations of the planet had no choice, and used bicycles and public transportation exclusively. For example, when China was under Mao Tse Tung s rule, the number of private automobiles was only in the hundreds. 

By contrast, the bicycle suiwives as basic transportation in the Netherlands and Germany because those nations have a social infrastructure built to make it possible. Those countries have a neighborhood-centered way of life, and the trip distances on a bicycle are often two or three kilometers or less. People cycle slowly out of politeness to others on the crowded streets. Public transit is also far better than in the United States. It is amusing to see a German commuter train station with virtually no auto parking available, but hundreds of bike parking spots. 

FIGURE 66.5 The gross efficiency for hand cranking or bicycling is a function of the rate of work. (From Goldman, R.F., 1978. Computer models in manual materials handling. In Drury, C.G. (Ed), Safety in Manual Materials Handling, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. 110-116.)... 

A generic term that mainly encompasses vehicle safety features, driver and pedestrian education and behavior, motor vehicle laws, and factors related to the design of roads and highways (Figure T.l). See also Bicycle Safety Motor Vehicle Safety Motorcycle Safety National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). 

The development of bulky bicyclic triaminophosphines L26-L35 has been shown for the ami-nation of a wide array of aryl bromides (Scheme 20.11) [22-25], The salient features of these ligands are as follows commercial availability, electron-rich phosphorus atom, and basicity enhancement by N P bridgehead transannulation. 

Cross, K.D. and G. Fisher (1977). A Study of Bicycle/Motor-Vehicle Accidents Identification of Problem Types and Countermeasure Approaches. Volume 1. National Highway Traffic Safety Administoation Report DOT-HS-803 315 (PB 282280). U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington DC. 

American study showed similar male and female rates (288 vs. 331 injuries per million bicycle trips), using crash data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System in 1990 and mobility data from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey [LI 96],... 

Japanese collective protectors were similar to those used by European nations and the United States. An ingenious model capable of purifying air for forty persons derived the power for pumping the bellows from a geared bicycle mechanism. ... 

Yet another year we explored the southwest corner of British Columbia then played in the Canadian and US national parks with their rich animal and plant life, and former railroads connected into down-hill bicycle roller coasters of mountain size proportions. 

---