Nasal cavity physiology

Tucker D. (1971). Non-olfactory responses from nasal cavity Jacobson s Organ and trigeminal system. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology Chemical Senses, 1. Olfaction (Biedler L., ed.). Springer, Berlin, pp. 151-181. 

Shepperd C (1993) The sensory enhancement of the initial puffs of low tar products using an alkaline additive. 16 Dec 1993. British American Tobacco. Bates 570267693-570267726. http // tobaccodocuments.org/product design/951740.html Silver W (1988) Physiology of trigeminal chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity. R.J. Reynolds. Bates 506797834-506797868. http //tobaccodocuments.org/product.design/506797834-7868.html Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes DE, Glantz SA (1995) Nicotine and addiction. The Brown and Williamson documents. JAMA 274 225-233... 

Figure 19.17 The biochemistiy and physiology responsible for penile erection. Sexual activity itself begins with a state of arousal that leads to erection. Arousal results in part from stimulation of the sense organs. The hypothalamus coordinates the sensations and activates the autonomic nervous system. Sensory nerves from the skin of the penis and other erogenous zones stimulate the parasympathetic system. This activates nitric oxide synthase and the resultant nitric oxide, via cyclic GMP, causes vasodilation of the arterioles. This increases blood flow through the corpora cavernosa which then expands producing an erection. Pheromones secreted by the female can stimulate the odour detecting system in the nasal cavity of the male (Chapter 12 and see above). Stress, however, activates the sympathetic system releases cyclic AMP which can result in vasoconstriction of the arterioles. Other factors that can interfere with an erection are physical fatigue and alcohol.

Non-olfactoiy responses from the nasal cavity Jacobson s organ and the trigeminal system. In Handiook of Sensory Physiology, vol. 4, ed. L. M. Beidler, pp. 151-181. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 

Relative Contribution of Physiological Barriers to the Absorption of Drugs via the Nasal Cavity... 

Mygind, N., and R. Dahl. 1998. Anatomy, physiology and function of the nasal cavities in health and disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29 3. 

Nasal anatomy and physiology. The nose is the first organ of the respiratory tract. The structure of the nasal cavity is shown in Fig. 2.8. 

Anatomy and physiology. The human respiratory system is divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavities, nasopharynx, and oropharynx. The lower respiratory tract consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli, which are composed of respiratory tissues. 

Table 9.3 Potential physiological barriers to the absorption of drugs via the nasal cavity (from Gizurarson, 1993)...

Deposition mechanisms in the nose include inertial impaction, sedimentation, diffusion, interception and electrostatic attraction. The structure and physiology of the nasal cavity, with the small cross-section for airflow and sharp curves, suggests that inertial impaction is the most significant mechanism for drag deposition in the nasal cavity. 

The upper respiratory tract, particularly the nose, has a unique anatomy that performs normal physiologic functions as well as innate defense against inhaled toxicants. The nose extends from the nostrils to the pharynx. Inspired air enters the nose through the nostrils. The nasal cavity is divided longitudinally by a septum into two nasal compartments. In most mammalian species, each nasal cavity is divided into a dorsal, ventral, and middle (lateral) meatus by two turbinate bones, the nasoturbinate and maxilloturbinate. These turbinates project from the dorsolateral and ventrolateral wall of the cavity, respectively. In the posterior portion of the nose, the ethmoid recess contains the ethmoturbinate. The nasal cavity is lined by a vascular mucosa that consists of four distinct types of epithelia. In rodents, these epithelia are (1) the stratified squamous epithelium that lines the nasal vestibule and the floor of the ventral meatus in the anterior portion of the nose (2) the non-ciliated, pseudostratified, transitional epithelium that lies between the squamous epithelium and the respiratory epithelium and lines the lateral meatus (3) the ciliated respiratory epithelium that lines the remainder of the nasal cavity anterior and ventral to the olfactory epithelium and (4) the olfactory epithelium (neuroepithelium) that lines the dorsal meatus and ethmoturbinates in the caudal portion of the nose. The relative abundance and exact locations of these upper respiratory epithelium differ among mammalian species. 

When discussing the nasal absorption of drugs, it is essential to understand the anatomical, physiological, and functional features of the nasal cavity. As many sources are available for such basic information, this section will give an outline. 

Plowchalk DR, Andersen ME, Bogdanffy MS. 1997. Physiologically based modelling of vinyl acetate uptake, metabolism, and intracellular pH changes in the rat nasal cavity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 142 386 100... 

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