Naringine

Naringenin (5, 7, 4 -trihydroxyflavanone), isolated in pure form from dormant peach flower buds, strongly inhibited the growth of Avena coleoptiles at 4.6 X 10-4 M (71). Naringenin is the aglycone of the glycoside naringin. 

Widmer, W.W. and Martin, S.F., Interferences with naringin and neohesperidin analysis by high performance liquid chromatography, Proc. Flo. Hort. Soc., 105, 149, 1992. 

Cheng K-J, HG Krishnamurty, GA Jones, EJ Simpson (1971) Identification of products produced by the anaerobic degradation of naringin by Butyrivibrio sp. Cj. Can J Microbiol Yl 129-131. 

FIGURE 13.4 Typical structures for main classes of flavonoids naringin chalcone, 4,6,4 -trihydroxyaurone, apigenin (flavone), and pelargonidin (anthocyanidin). 

Numerous studies were dedicated to the effects of flavonoids on microsomal and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Kaempferol, quercetin, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and D-catechin inhibited lipid peroxidation of light mitochondrial fraction from the rat liver initiated by the xanthine oxidase system [126]. Catechin, rutin, and naringin inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase activity, and DNA cleavage [127]. Myricetin inhibited ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced DNA oxidation and lipid peroxidation in primary rat hepatocyte cultures and activated DNA repair process [128]. 

Compounds 1 = 4-hydroxycoumarin 2 = umbelliferon 3 = 4-methyl-esculetin 4 = isopimpinellin 5 = esculin 6 = flavone 7 = a-naphtoflavone 8 = kaempferol 9 = quercetin 10 = isoquercitrin 11 = robinetin 12 = robinin 13 = myricetin 14 = luteolin 7-O-glucoside 15 = rutin 16 = hes-peretin 17 = hespiridin 18 = naringin 19 = pelargonin chloride 20 = polargonin chloride 21 = malvin chloride. 

Fig. 2.45. Gradient elution chromatogram of flavonoids investigated. Peak identification 1 = naringin 2 = hesperidin 3 = quercitrin 4 = myricetin 5 = naringenin 6 = hesperetin 7 = luteolin 8 = apigenin 9 = flavone 10 = acacetin. Reprinted with permission from M. A. Hawryt et al. [136].

Fig. 2.72. Examples of HPLC chromatograms (a) calibration standards (b) commercial orange fruit juice sample (c) hand-sqeezed grapefruit juice sample. Peaks (d) diosmin (h) hesperidin (n) naringin (IS) rhoifolin (internal standard). Reprinted with permission from. F. I. Kanaze et al. [190],...

CONCENTRATIONS OF DIOSMIN. HESPERIDIN. AND NARINGIN IN COMMERCIAL AND HAND-SQUEEZED CITRUS FRUIT JUICE SAMPLES (pG/ML). AND IN TABLETS... 

Citrus fruit juice samples Diosmin (pg/mT) Hesperidin (jug/ml) Naringin (pg/ml)... 

F. I. Kanaze, C. Gabrieli, E. Kokkalou, M. Georgarakis and I. Niopas, Simultaneous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diosmin, herperidin, and naringin in different citrus fruit juices and pharmaceutical formulations. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 33 (2003) 243-249. 

Fig. 6.1 Biosynthesis of naringin, neohesperidin, narirutin, and hesperidin in Citnis...

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