Napping process

The United Kingdom has viewed itself as a leader in emissions trading and it was the first Member State to publish a draft NAP in January 2004, which was of course much examined by others. As explained by David Harrison and Daniel Radov, the NAP process started early in the UK and there was extensive stakeholder consultation. This did not... 

Ireland is one of the fastest-growing economies of the EU and, like Denmark, it faces a significant projected shortfall in meeting its Kyoto goal. It was also one of the few that submitted on time. But, as explained by Conor Barry, the really unique aspect of the Irish NAP experience was the relatively technical nature of the process, and the structure of consultation with industry. While the Irish NAP is perhaps the least politically influenced and most rational of those included in this volume, the government reserved a final say on some key choices and in fact overruled some recommendations from the technical group. Despite its different process, the important choices were very similar to those taken in other countries where the process was more overtly political. The NAP process in Ireland was also facilitated by a carbon tax that had been adopted to go into effect for the non-covered... 

Having covered five northern Member States whose governments were all supportive of action on climate change and had adopted meaningful actions to limit GHG emissions prior to the NAP process, we now turn to five southern and eastern Member States for which the same cannot be said. Spain and Italy are countries where climate policy did not have the same salience it did in the northern nations that are presented first. Interestingly, the main effect of the lack of early commitment to climate policy was delay in submitting NAPs to Brussels, not significantly different choices. 

These five factors played an important role in several phases of the German NAP process or have built the background for some crucial provisions in the NAP. 

The existence of the last category shows that the NAP process should be able to cope with minor data errors and adjustments. 

Although no explicit theoretical framework has been developed for analysing the National Allocation Plan (NAP) process in Spain, insights from the public choice and institutional path dependency approaches have been used in order to structure, organise and interpret the available information. 

The two most relevant international and national emissions-trading specialised websites have been visited (Point Carbon and Canalmedioambiental) and relevant documents on the NAP process collected. In addition, structured questionnaires were sent to the individual associations of all the covered sectors, most of which replied in written form. Personal interviews were undertaken with several energy and climate change experts. For reasons of confidentiality of the information requested by some of the interviewed sectors, their responses are integrated in a general manner in this paper, unless their opinion has been made public otherwise (e.g. publication in journals, press releases etc.). 

The assessment of the NAP by the European Commission (EC) effectively split the NAP process in the Czech Republic into two phases the first to reach a national consensus before submission to the EC and the second to respond to the changes required to gain EC approval. In... 

The EU Emissions Trading Directive established a very low level of heat input (20 MWth) as the threshold for inclusion in the ETS. If there is one refrain that arises from virtually every one of the ten NAP processes included in this volume, it is that the inclusion of small installations was not worth it. As noted in one contribution after another, a large proportion of CO2 emissions originate from a small number of installations, while a very large number of the installations contribute only a small percentage of emissions. For instance, in the United Kingdom, 20% of the sites account for 94% of emissions and 80% of the sites contribute 6% of the emissions (see Harrison and Radov, United Kingdom ). Similar statistics are found in every Member State. 

This is the place for the broad conclusions or lessons that arise from the experience of the particular Member State in confronting the issues raised by the NAP process. Factors that facilitated or complicated the required decisions are especially important. 

The new piece of analysis in front of us brings also a number of insights which will influence the policy process much beyond the NAP process. The legislators may have underestimated the significant... 

As some reverse air filters also employ shake or vibration mechanisms, it is not uncommon to find the same fabric in both types of filter. This notwithstanding, conventional reverse air filter sleeves are most likely to feature multifllament yarns in the warp combined with staple fibre yams in the weft. On this occasion the twill weave will be replaced by a 5- or 6-shaft warp satin construction, which is designed to facilitate superior dust release from the smooth multifilament warp yarns during the less aggressive cleaning phase. Particle capture will be further enhanced if the fabric is subjected to a raising or napping process on the reverse side. A typical polyester construction, as may be found in a reverse air filter, is also shown in Table 7.3 for comparison with the previous construction. 

A surface treatment that is not engaged for improved cake release purposes is the raising or napping process. This is usually applied to satin weave fabrics made with staple-spun fibres in the weft, and is designed to enhance particle collection efficiency by teasing the fibres of the staple-spun yam into a pile or nap. It will thus be appreciated that the treatment is normally applied to the reverse side of the fabric i.e. the side that does not collect the dust cake. 

---