Napoleonic Wars

The shortage of sugar in Europe occasioned during the Napoleonic Wars by the Continental System stimulated searches for substitutes. Numerous attempts were made during this period to develop continental... 

Since the Napoleonic Wars, the improvements in ordnance have been so great that the rocket ceased to be used as a weapon. However, it continued to be used for signalling and illuminating purposes, until it was displaced to a great extent by star shell 1819. Accdg to Marshall 1(Ref 11, p 26),... 

Iodine.—During the Napoleonic wars, nitre beds were cultivated in various parts of France, and from these saltpetre was obtained artificially. About 1811, Bernard Courtois, a manufacturer of saltpetre, near Paris, used an aq. extract of varec or kelp for decomposing the calcium nitrate from the nitre beds he noticed that the copper vats in which the nitrate was decomposed were rapidly corroded by the liquid, and he traced the effects to a reaction between the copper and an unknown substance in the lye obtained by extracting the varec or kelp with water, B. Courtois isolated this new substance and ascertained its more obvious properties. In his paper entitled Dec uverte d une substance muvelle dans le vareck, and published about two years after his discovery,11 he said ... 

During the Napoleonic wars, France had great difficulty in procuring sufficient nitre for the manufacture of gunpowder. This led to the construction of nitre beds or nitre plantations in various parts of the country.18 When the French ports were thrown open, after these wars, the manufacture of nitre, in France, was abandoned because it could be imported more cheaply from India. The process is still used in a few localities—e.g. Sweden. 

The beginning of the nineteenth century was marked by an export boom, caused by the Napoleonic Wars. However, this was not to be a favorable century for Madeira wine. The postwar depression devastated European exports. 

In 1786 Proust was offered a position as professor of chemistry in Madrid, where he stayed for two years, and then in Segovia at the Royal Artillery College there. He remained in Segovia until 1799 when he moved to a superbly equipped laboratory in Madrid. Working conditions there seem to have been excellent, but in 1806 he had to return to France as a consequence of political and military conflicts between France and Spain during the Napoleonic Wars. He ended his career in Anger, the place of his birth, where he took over the family pharmacy after his brother, who had to retire because of ill health. 

The invention of the canning process by Nicholas Appert and the extraction of sugar from the beet by Delessert, both in France during the Napoleonic Wars, were the results of food shortages caused by blockade. 

The technical exploitation of iodine may also be traced back to brown algae. Iodine was first discovered during the Napoleonic wars (1803-1815) in 1811 by the French chemist Bernard Courtois (1777-1838) in the course of isolating sodium carbonate from seaweed ash for the production of gunpowder. The addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to this ash not only resulted in serious corrosion of his copper vessels, but also led to the emission of a previously unobserved violet vapour. [83]... 

The first records of pyrethrum as an insecticide date back to Chinas late Zhou Dynasty (ca. 1046-256 BC). Since medieval times, the flowers were traded along the old Silk route through Tashkent to Persia and eventually to the Dalmatian coast. Later, during the Napoleonic Wars (1804-1815) French soldiers appreciated pyrethrum as an agent to control fleas and body hce. [63]... 

The term supply chain is not new. ft is fundamental to military strategy. ft was the difference between winning and losing in the Napoleonic wars and the Battle of the Bulge in World War ff. The application of supply chain practices as a fundamental business process is newer. First coined in 1982 to be used as an overarching business concept, it is now 30 years old. Over the last three decades, it has morphed in definition. ... 

Carnot s father was the engineer Lazare Nicolas Carnot, who had been a war minister under Napoleon and was known as the Organizer of Victory. Sadi Carnot was educated by his father until he entered the Polytechnique. During the Napoleonic wars he volunteered to fight, though he was exempt as a student. When the Restoration exiled his father, Sadi found his military career hampered by politics. He went on half-pay and resumed his engineering studies. 

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