Royal Artillery

Jan. 1, 1822, Koslin, Germany, now Koszalin, Poland -Aug. 25,1888, Bonn, Germany) Clausius studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin 1840-1844, dissertation on reflection of light in the sky at Halle University 1847, 1850 first paper on mechanical theory of heat, 1850 professor at the Royal Artillery and Engineering School in Berlin, 1855 Chair of Mathematical Physics at the Polytechnikum in Zurich and professor at the University of Zurich, 1867 professor at the University of Wurzburg, 1869 chair at the University of Bonn, work on first and second laws of thermodynamics. 

Charles XII of Sweden in 1706. The purity of the gold was confirmed by one General Hamilton of the Royal Artillery, who was acting as an independent observer. Paykull believed that he had won his freedom, but, despite his success, Charles had him executed anyway. 

Many of the ilIustration.s are reproduced by permission of the War Department, and the diagrams of the German gas bombardments in 1918 are reproduced by the kind permission of the British Royal Artillery In.stitution. 

In 1786 Proust was offered a position as professor of chemistry in Madrid, where he stayed for two years, and then in Segovia at the Royal Artillery College there. He remained in Segovia until 1799 when he moved to a superbly equipped laboratory in Madrid. Working conditions there seem to have been excellent, but in 1806 he had to return to France as a consequence of political and military conflicts between France and Spain during the Napoleonic Wars. He ended his career in Anger, the place of his birth, where he took over the family pharmacy after his brother, who had to retire because of ill health. 

Various experiments and trials have been made with this explosive by Professor P.T. Cleve, M.P.F. Chalon, C.N. Hake, and by a committee of officers of the Swedish Royal Artillery. It is elaimed that it is a very powerful and extremely safe explosive that it eannot be made to explode by frietion, shoek, or pressure, nor by electrieity, fire, lightning, c., and that it is specially adapted for use in eoal mines, c. that it ean only be exploded by means of a fulminate detonator, and is perfectly safe to handle and manufactme that it does not freeze, ean be used as a filling for shells, and lastly, can be cheaply manufactmed. 

Brig. Sir) Harold Hartley, A general comparison of British and German methods of gas warfare, Journal of the Royal Artillery, 46 (11), (1920). 

In England, it is less easy to see institutional and intellectual continuity from Congreve through the 19th century. But the officers at the newly reconstituted Royal Gunpowder Factory were trained at the Royal Artillery School at Woolwich and in the post-Crimean War period, the Ordnance Select Committee of the War Office instituted a series of committees comprised of scientifically trained officers and scientists to examine the entire range of armaments. These included explosives committees from 1858 to 1866, from 1869 to 1881 and from 1888 to 1891 (the... 

Royal Artillery Institute, Woolwich (Major A. J. Abdy, Secretary). 

From 1780, Klaproth published a large number of chemical researches, mainly in analytical chemistry, which was his speciality. In 1786 he opposed Lavoisier s theory, but on 16 September 1792, he successfully repeated Lavoisier s experiments before the Berlin Academy of Science (of which he became a member in 1788) in consequence he adopted the new theory, and was followed by other German chemists. Klaproth was Assessor of Pharmacy to the Collegium Medicum from 1782, professor of chemistry to the Royal Feldartilleriecorps from 1787, and to the Royal Artillerie Academie from 1791, member of the Obercollegium Medici et Sanitatis from 1799, and from its foundation in 1810 until his death he was the first professor of chemistry in the University of Berlin. 

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