Nanosystems

Furukawa N, Sato S (1999) New Aspects of Hypervalent Organosulfur Compounds. 205 89-129 Gabriel J-C P, Davidson P (2003) Mineral Liquid Crystals from Self-Assembly of Anisotropic Nanosystems. 226 119-172... 

KE Drexler. Nanosystems Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation. New York Wiley, 1992. 

Heath JR, Phelps ME, Hood L. NanoSystems biology. Mol Imaging Biol 2003 5 312-25. 

Since the main topic of this review is STM imaging, growth properties, surface morphology, and atomic structures of oxide nanosystems are the central themes. Oxide nanolayers on noble metal surfaces often display very complex structural arrangements, as illustrated in the following sections. The determination of the surface structure of a complex oxide nanophase by STM methods is, however, by no means trivial resolution at the atomic scale in STM is a necessary but not sufficient condition for elucidating the atomic structure of an oxide nanophase. The problem... 

The structure of the review is organized as follows. In Section 6.2, we will address experimental aspects concerning apparatus developments and oxide nanolayer preparation methods, and briefly comment on the interplay between experimental and theoretical results. Section 6.3 constitutes the main body of this chapter, where we present case studies of selected oxide-metal systems. They have been chosen according to their prototypical oxide nanosystem behavior and because of their importance in catalysis. We conclude with a synopsis and a brief outlook speculating on future developments. 

Maurizio Selva (on the right) and Alvise Perosa (left) lead the Green Chemistry group at the Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems of the University Ca Foscari Venezia. 

Acknowledgments Many thanks to Olga Brack (LMU) for skillful assistance in preparing the review. Our own work in the reviewed research area was supported by the German DFG excellence cluster Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) and the BMBF Munich Biotech cluster m4 project T12. 

Fig. 8 Nanosystems that may function as simultaneous drug delivery and imaging agents for targeting T cells (a) liposomal systems, (b) solid biodegradable nanoparticulates, and (c) macro-molecular dendrimer complexes. PEG polyethylene glycol, Gd-DTPA gadolininum-diethylene triamine penta acetic acid. (Adapted from [48])...

Arshak Poghossian, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jiilich Campus, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Ginsterweg 1, D-52428 Jiilich, Germany and Research Centre Jiilich, Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems, D-52425 Jiilich, Germany... 

As the analytical, synthetic, and physical characterization techniques of the chemical sciences have advanced, the scale of material control moves to smaller sizes. Nanoscience is the examination of objects—particles, liquid droplets, crystals, fibers—with sizes that are larger than molecules but smaller than structures commonly prepared by photolithographic microfabrication. The definition of nanomaterials is neither sharp nor easy, nor need it be. Single molecules can be considered components of nanosystems (and are considered as such in fields such as molecular electronics and molecular motors). So can objects that have dimensions of >100 nm, even though such objects can be fabricated—albeit with substantial technical difficulty—by photolithography. We will define (somewhat arbitrarily) nanoscience as the study of the preparation, characterization, and use of substances having dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Many types of chemical systems, such as self-assembled monolayers (with only one dimension small) or carbon nanotubes (buckytubes) (with two dimensions small), are considered nanosystems. 

One-dimensional (ID) nanostructures have also been the focus of extensive studies because of their unique physical properties and potential to revolutionize broad areas of nanotechnology. First, ID nanostructures represent the smallest dimension structure that can efficiently transport electrical carriers and, thus, are ideally suited for the ubiquitous task of moving and routing charges (information) in nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics. Second, ID nanostructures can also exhibit a critical device function and thus can be exploited as both the wiring and device elements in architectures for functional nanosystems.20 In this regard, two material classes, carbon nanotubes2131 and semiconductor nanowires,32"42 have shown particular promise. 

Whang, D. Jin, S. Wu, Y. Lieber, C. M. 2003. Large-scale hierarchical organization of nanowire arrays for integrated nanosystems. Nano Lett. 3 1255-1259. 

Thus, the spatial-energy notions given allow characterizing in general the directedness of the process of carbon nanosystem formation. 

CNTs own excellent materials properties. DNA is an excellent molecule to construct macromolecular networks because it is easy to synthesize, with a high specificity of interaction, and is conformationally flexible. The complementary base-paring properties of DNA molecules have been used to make two-dimensional crystals and prototypes of DNA computers and electronic circuits (Yan et al., 2002 Batalia et al., 2002). Therefore functionalization of CNTs with DNA molecules has great potential for applications such as developing nanodevices or nanosystems, biosensors, electronic sequencing, and gene transporters. 

Relaxation by Metal-containing Nanosystems R. N. Midler, L. Vander Fist, A. Roch,... 

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