Nanostructured bioceramics

For even more biological related nanostructural bioceramics, stem cell produced materials are expected. However, a restriction is the time before cells in the biomaterial can be used. That s why combination of nanostructural CBBCs and stem ceU activity is likely in the development of these third generation biomaterials, especially if load-bearing properties are required. 

Adamopoulos, O., Papadopoulos, T. 2007. Nanostructured bioceramics for maxillofacial applications. 

Ahn, E., Gleason, N. J., Nakahira, A., and Ying, X Y., Properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite-based bioceramics. Proa Sixth World Biomaterials Congress 643 (2000). 

Ali, Hung and Yongyi (2010) reviewed the application of focused ion beam (FIB) sputtering for micro/nano fabrication. Although less relevant for discussion of bioceramic coatings, treatment of basic principles of FIB, and evaluation of empirical and fundamental models for sputtering yield, material removal rate and surface roughness were presented and compared. Fabrication of various micro- and nanostructures was discussed. 

T. Lopez, E. Ortiz, P. Quintana, R.D. Gonz alez, A nanostructured titania bioceramic implantable device capable of drug delivery to the temporal lobe of the brain , Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 300,... 

The chemically bonded bioceramics exhibit several properties suitable for in-situ in vivo placement in hard tissues. This is based on the chemical, physical and biological features of the biomaterials [4, 5-8]. The chemically bonded bioceramics - especially the materials based on phosphates, aluminates and silicates - exhibit a general nanostructure related to both the crystals and the... 

Chemically bonded ceramics constitute ceramics that are being formed due to chemical reactions. Often the precursor material is a ceramic powder (e.g. Ca-silicate or Ca-aluminate), which is "activated in a water-based liquid. A chemical reaction takes place in which the initial powder is partly or completely dissolved and new phases precipitate. The precipitated phases are composed of species from both the liquid and the precursor powder. The precipitates can be formed in situ in vivo, often in the nanoscale due to low solubility of the phases formed. The nanostructural chemically bonded bioceramics are especially found within the Ca-phosphate, Ca-aluminate and Ca-silicate systems. 

ADDITIONAL PROPERTY FEATURES OF NANOSTRUCTURAL CHEMICALLY BONDED BIOCERAMICS... 

The future perspectives of bioceramic materials for dental restoration wiU be focused on the development of tougher and esthetically more pleasing glass-ceramics, and also on ceramics such as zirconia with optical properties of color and shine that mimic those of natural teeth and provide a high degree of long-term durability (Holand et al., 2008). The development of nanostructured alumina and... 

Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil, Sug Won Kim and Hak Yong Kim, Consolidation and mechanical properties of nanostructured hydroxyapatite-(Zr02 + 3 mol% Y203) bioceramics by high-frequency induction heat sintering. Materials Science and Engineering A 456 (2007) 368-372. 

Ahn, E.S., Gleason, N.)., Nakahira, A. andYing, J.Y. (2001) Nanostructure processing of hydroxyapatite-based bioceramics. Nano Letters, 1,149-53. 

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