Nanofillers titanium dioxide

Among the many nanofillers, Titanium dioxide (Ti02) is very often investigated, in polymeric applications, since it is non-toxic, chemically inert, possess high hardness and has UV filter properties. 

Of particular interest to adhesives formulators are nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), silica, alumina, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide (Zn02), silver, copper, and nickel). Of these, carbon nanotubes are the most widely studied for electrically conductive adhesives to attach microdevices, to interconnect microcircuits and to increase I/O densities at the device level. ... 

Concurrent with the increasing development and uses of nanomaterials, there is an equal effort in studying their potential toxicity. Titanium dioxide, for example, is widely used in food products and cosmetics and considered safe, but studies of nano titanium dioxide particles which are small enough to enter the body in several ways may be toxic according to some studies. The expanded use of nanofillers in consumer products has generated safety concerns that have resulted in proposals for detailed studies by the Food and Drug Administration. ... 

Solution Titanium dioxide and nanoclay can be used together, creating slight property changes, compared with the addition of nanofiller alone. 

More recently nanoscale fillers such as clay platelets, silica, nano-calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, and carbon nanotube nanoparticles have been used extensively to achieve reinforcement, improve barrier properties, flame retardancy and thermal stability, as well as synthesize electrically conductive composites. In contrast to micron-size fillers, the desired effects can be usually achieved through addihon of very small amounts (a few weight percent) of nanofillers [4]. For example, it has been reported that the addition of 5 wt% of nanoclays to a thermoplastic matrix provides the same degree of reinforcement as 20 wt% of talc [5]. The dispersion and/or exfoliahon of nanofillers have been identified as a critical factor in order to reach optimum performance. Techniques such as filler modification and matrix functionalization have been employed to facilitate the breakup of filler agglomerates and to improve their interactions with the polymeric matrix. 

Abstract This chapter describes the influence of three-dimensional nanofillers used in elastomers on the nonlinear viscoelastic properties. In particular, this part focuses and investigates the most important three-dimensional nanoparticles, which are used to produce rubber nanocomposites. The rheological and the dynamic mechanical properties of elastomeric polymers, reinforced with spherical nanoparticles, like POSS, titanium dioxide and nanosdica, were described. These (3D) nanofillers in are used polymeric matrices, to create new, improved rubber nanocomposites, and these affect many of the system s parameters (mechanical, chemical, physical) in comparison with conventional composites. The distribution of the nanosized fillers and interaction between nanofUler-nanofiUer and nanofiller-matrix, in nanocomposite systems, is crucial for understanding their behavior under dynamic-mechanical conditions. 

The form of Ti02 most commonly used as a nanofiller is titanium dioxide P25 from Evonik Industries [27] (Fig. 7). Ti02 is an excellent additive to improve the heat stability of room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone adhesive/sealant [13]. Hydrophilic fumed Ti02 (AEROXIDE Ti02 P25) from Evonik Industries can be applied also as a catalyst carrier or active component for photocatalyst reactions, where the crystalline structure and phase (anatase and rutile) content are important. They offer three grades of Ti02 with different surface areas (50-90 m /g) and particle morphologies AEROXIDE TiOj P25, P90 and P25/20 [39]. 

One of the popular nanofillers, which is commercially available and can reinforce polymeric matrices, is titanium dioxide. In the Sect. 2.4, synthesis and properties of... 

In the following sections, some work is presented in which the properties of nano- and microparticle filled composites were determined under variation of the filler contents. These materials were made on the basis of standard epoxy resins cured by amine hardeners. The nanofillers were aluminum oxide (AljOj, 13 nm), titanium dioxide (Ti02, 300 nm and 20 nm) and also calcium silicate (CaS103,5-10 /xm) microparticles. All these fillers are commercially available as powders. The composites were prepared by mechanical mixing using a Dissolver mixing device, as shown in Figure 3. 

---