Nanofibrillated cellulose application

Furthermore, composite films of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)/Ppy and NFC/ PPy-silver NP are a suitable candidate for use in biomedical applications. Due to the electrical conductivity and strong antimicrobial activity of these silver composites, they can be used in various applications, in particular, biomedical treatments and diagnostics. 

As a result of their diverse architecture, different descriptors such as whiskers, nanowhiskers, cellulose nanocrystals, nano-crystalline cellulose, monocrystals or microcrystallites are used in literature to describe crystalline rod-like nanoparticles (Eichhom et al, 2010 Frone et al, 2011 Khalil et al, 2012), while terms such as microfibrils, microfibrillated cellulose or nanofibrillated cellulose are used to describe cellulosic nanoparticles that are obtained as a result of mechanical shearing disintegration process (Siqueira et al, 2010 Siqueira et al, 2011). In this paper, sources, isolation, property and applications of natural cellulose fibers are reviewed. 

B. Langlois, G. Guerin, A. Senechal, R. Cantiani, I. Vincent, and J. Benchimol. Fluid comprising cellulose nanofibrils and its use for oil mining (fluide comprenant des nanofibrilles de cellulose et son application pour I exploitation de gisements petroliers). Patent EP 912653, 1999. 

Cai ILL, Sharma S, Liu WY, Mu W, Liu W, Zhang XD, Deng YL (2014) Aerogel micro-spheres from natural cellulose nanofibrils and their application as cell culture scaffold. Biomacromolecules 15 2540-2547... 

Fibrillar fines obtained from cellulosic fibres are known for their unique structure, material characteristics, and potential applications (Hubbe et al. 2008). An amorphous lignin and hemicellulose matrix separates the elementary nanofibrils in natural vegetable fibres. Based on raw material sources, pretreatment and subsequent defibrillation procedures will produce a broad spectrum of fibril structures as well as nomenclatures used to describe them. Thus, we find various terms adopted in the field, such as nanoscale-fibrillated cellulose, cellulosic fibrillar fines, cellulose aggregate fibrils, and microfibrillar cellulose. 

Tankhiwale R, Bajpai SK (2012) Preparation, characterization and antibacterial applications of ZnO-nanoparticles coated polyethylene films for food packaging. Colloid Surf B 90 16-20 Teixetra EdM, Pasquini D, Curvelo AAS, Corradini E, Belgacem MN, Dufresne A (2009) Cassava bagasse cellulose nanofibrils reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch. Catbohydr Polym 78 422 31... 

There are basically two families of nanosized cellulosic particles. The first one consists of cellulose nanocrystals and the second one is microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) [17]. However, different terminologies are used to describe these cellulose nanoparticles, leading to some misunderstanding and ambiguities. Currently, the isolation, characterization, and search for applications of novel forms of cellulose, variously termed crystallites, nanocrystals, whiskers, nanofibrils, and nanofibers, is generating... 

Although we have focused on the application of the CSAS method to the particular polymer systems of the artificially synthesized and biosynthesized cellulose, as examples of the application, the method can be applied to various polymer systems that have or may have hierarchically self-assembled stmctures. Typical examples are polymer composites that are built up by nanoparticles,nanosheets,nanofibrils,or nanoholes in the matrices of polymers. The method can also be applied to various systems that involve the chemical reaction-induced self-assembly into various hierarchical stmctures.The CSAS or SAS method combined with microscopic probes such as IR, Raman, NMR, UV-vis, and/or mesoscopic probes such as optical microscopy is... 

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