Naming conventions: acids

Fatty Acid Degree of Saturation3 Common Name Conventional High oleic High oleic High palmitic... 

Fatty Acid Degree of Saturation" Common Name Conventional (low erucic) High erucic... 

Two conventions are in use to describe the configuration of a stereogenic centre. The older system uses the symbols D and l, and is still employed for two important classes of compound, namely amino acids and sugars otherwise it has been superseded. The d/l system will be considered first. The use of capital letters here serves to distinguish this convention from dll (page 22), which relates only to the sense in which the plane of polarized light is rotated. 

Fermentation is the name conventionally attributed to any industrial transformation that involves microorganisms. In TBV production, there are two distinct fermentations alcoholic and acetic the first is carried out by yeasts of different genera and species, the second by AAB. Usually, the two fermentations occur in the same vessel (badessa) and are performed by wild strains without any control. The results are unpredictable sometimes the alcoholic fermentation is inhibited by acetic acid produced by AAB often the acetic acid fermentation, for various reasons, does not occur. To solve the problem, a two-stage fermentation procedure has been suggested the oxidation of ethanol should always follow alcoholic... 

The name sialic acid" has been given to the several nonulosaminic acids isolated from the submaxillary mucoproteins, although the chemical composition of these varies with the species source. Svennerholm has proposed that the name sialic acid be restricted to the basic structure common to all these various sialic acids thus ovine sialic acid" would be designated Af-acetylsialic acid. However since this basal component, here termed sialic acid, is identical with neuraminic acid, it would seem more appropriate to adopt the name neuraminic acid for the parent add and to retain the name sialic acid to denote the various mono- and di-acyl neuraminic acids of natural occurrence in mucoproteins, regardless of their source. This is the convention which has been used in referring to the various nonulosaminic acids in Table I and thoughout this article. ... 

The different naming conventions in the chemical industry often lead to the assignment of different chemical names in different global jurisdictions. Ethyl acrylate is a very common chemical whose name clearly identifies the substance as the ethyl ester of acrylic acid, with the chemical formula C5H8O2, and the structural formula CH2=CH-COOC2H5. Every chemist would recognise this structure, and name it immediately. 

Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacryKc acid) may be prepared by direct polymerization of the appropriate monomer, namely, acrylic acid or methacryhc acid, by conventional free-radical techniques, with potassium persulfate used as the initiator and water as the solvent (in which the polymers are soluble) or if a solid polymer is required, a solvent such as benzene, in which the polymer is insoluble, can be used, with benzoyl peroxide as a suitable initiator. 

The process of setting in resin-modified glass-ionomers is complicated because of the variety of reactions involved [6]. In principle it consists of two distinct parts, namely an acid-base reaction as in conventional glass-ionomers, and a free radial polymerization reaction. However, the two reactions influence each other in various ways. The acid-base reaction is slowed down in these materials for two reasons. One is that, as we have seen, the presence of HEMA causes the molecules to adopt a more coiled configuration and this reduces the ease with which they donate protons and behave as acids. The other reason is that the reduced polarity of the HEMA/water mixture compared with pure water inhibits the activation step of the acid-base reaction. This step involves electronically charged species, namely hydrogen ions from the acid and... 

The initiation step consists in the formation of IPP (12), and its isomer DMAPP (13). The conventional metabolic pathway to form these two molecules is called the acetate/mevalonate pathway (MVA pathway) in which three molecules of acetyl-CoA (3) condense successively to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) (5), which leads to a key intermediate molecule, namely mevalonic acid (MVA) (6). The latter is further phosphorylated and decarboxylated to form the IPP molecule (12). In Hevea brasiliensis, this cytosolic pathway was described by Lynen and Lebras" " in the early 1960s and reviewed more recently by Kekwick and Ohya." Most experimental validations were obtained by observing the incorporation of radioactive tracers, such as [2- C] MVA and [3- C]HMG-CoA. The incorporation of [ ClIPP into rubber was found to be much faster than that of [2- C] MVA. This was assumed to be due to slow conversion of MVA into IPP." Another explanation might be that the MVA pathway was not exclusive for IPP biosynthesis. Indeed less than 10 years ago, a new, mevalonate-independent, IPP biosynthesis pathway was discovered by Rohmer." This plastidic DXP-MEP pathway initiates with a... 

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