N-isopropylacrylamide and

CA Cole, SM Schreiner, JH Priest, N Monji, AS Hoffman. Lower critical solution temperatures of aqueous copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and other N-substi-tuted acrylamides. ACS Symp Ser 350 255-284, 1987. 

An anesthetic drug, Richlocaine, developed jointly by scientists from Kazakhstan and Russia, and commercially available biologically active substances bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and catalase were used. Hydrogels of acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymer(AA-AAc),poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPA),N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid copolymer (NlPA-AAc), N-isopropylacrylamide and 2-(acrylamido)-2-propanesulfonic acid copolymer (NIPA-APSA) were synthesized. Diffusion parameters of bioactive substances into hydrogel matrices were calculated using Eq. (19.1) ... 

Blood compatibility of PEG-modified surfaces was discussed in terms of the mobility of water molecules at the interface of hydrogel materices. The property and application of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its copolymers as thermoresponsive hydrogel were also reviewed. 

The second example used visible light absorption that increased the temperature locally within the thermosensitive gel [39]. The gel consisted of a covalently cross-linked copolymer network of N-isopropylacrylamide and chloro-phyllin, a combination of a thermo-sensitive gel and a chromophore. In the absence of light, the gel volume changed sharply but continuously as the temperature was varied. Upon illumination the transition temperature was lowered, and beyond a certain irradiation threshold the volume transition became discontinuous. The phase transition was presumably induced by local heating of polymer chains due to the absorption and subsequent thermal dissipation of light energy by the chromophore. The details will be discussed in a later section. 

A novel capillary electrophoresis method using solutions of non-crosslinked PDADMAC is reported to be effective in the separation of biomolecules [211]. Soil studies conducted with PDADMAC report the minimization of run-off and erosion of selected types of soils [212]. In similar studies, PDADMAC has found to be a good soil conditioner [213]. The use of PDADMAC for the simultaneous determination of inorganic ions and chelates in the kinetic differentiation-mode capillary electrophoresis is reported by Krokhin [214]. Protein multilayer assemblies have been reported with the alternate adsorption of oppositely charged polyions including PDADMAC. Temperature-sensitive flocculants have been prepared based on n-isopropylacrylamide and DADMAC copolymers [215]. A potentiometric titration method for the determination of anionic polyelectrolytes has been developed with the use of PDADMAC, a marker ion and a plastic membrane. The end-point is detected as a sharp potential change due to the rapid decrease in the concentration of the marker due to its association with PDADMAC [216]. 

G. M. Morris, B. Vincent, and M. J. Snowden, Adsorption of lead ions into N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid copolymer microgels, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 190, 198-205 (1997). 

M. Bradley, J. Ramos, and B. Vincent, Equilibrium and kinetic aspects of the uptake of poly(ethylene oxide) by copolymer microgel particles of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid, Langmuir 21, 1209-1215 (2005). 

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(acrylic acid) graft copolymer nonbiodegradable... 

Another approach to achieve simultaneously steric stabilization and pH-sensitivity is, the combination of a PEG-lipid and a pH-sensitive copolymer such as terminally-alkylated copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and methacrylic acid (30, 31). 

Contreras-Garcfa, A., Alvarez-Lorenzo, C., Concheiro, A. et al. 2010a. PP films grafted with N-isopropylacrylamide and N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide by yradiation Synthesis and characterization. RaA af P/iys Chem. 79 615-621. 

MA2 Maeda, Y. and Yamabe, M., A unique phase behavior of random copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and W-diethylaciylamide in water. Polymer, 50, 519, 2009. 

Zhang, W. et al., 2000. Single polymer chain elongation of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(Acrylamide) by atomic force microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B. 104, 10258-10264. 

J.H. Cho, S.-H. Kim, K.D. Park, M.C. Jung, W.l. Yang, S.W. Han, et al., Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells using a thermosensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) and water-soluble chitosan copolymer. Biomaterials 25 (2004) 5743-5751. 

Native dastin derivatives and thdr precursors undergo revasible, temperature-dependent, hydrophobic assembly from aqueous solution, which results in spontaneous phase separation of the polyp>eptide above a critical temperature, T that depends on polypeptide sequence and environmental conditions. This process, known as coacervation, is formally analogous to the responsive phase behavior observed for smart polymas such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly( ethylene glycol) in aqueous solution above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Howeva, while similarities are observed between the two processes, the coacervation of native... 

An ABC triblock terpolymer was successfully synthesized by a sequential three-step RAFT polymerization process of N-n-propylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide and N,N-ethylmethylacrylamide monomers [41], The different cloud points of the respective blocks, present in the terpolymer, are responsible for the rich temperature depended solution self-assembly of the sample in aqueous media. 

A thiol-ene click coupling reaction can also be apphed to combine hving AROP and reversible addition-fragmentation polymerization (RAFT) techniques to yield PEO-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and PEO-h-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacry-lamide) block copolymers (Scheme 11.5) [30]. The couphng yield of 90% was... 

The third method of gelation involves alginate gel formation dependent on temperature. An example of this includes control of alginate gel concentration in a specified area when thermoresponsive polymers such as N-isopropylacrylamide and poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(e-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) serve as interpenetrating networks and prevent alginate gelation until certain temperatures are achieved [67]. 

Zhao, S., Cao, M., Li, H., Li, L., Xu, W. Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive semi-ipn hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) macromer, n-isopropylacrylamide, and sodium alginate. Carbohydrate Research 345, 425 31 (2010)... 

The homopolymer, poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its labeled derivatives were needed to carry out control experiments. The... 

Chitosan-g-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) and chitosan-g-poly (N-vinylcapro lactam) 150-230 KB, PC3, and MCF-7 [138, 139]... 

Eujishige, S. Kubota, K. Ando, I. Phase-transition of aqueous-solutions of poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(n-isopropylmethacrylamide). J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 3311-3313. 

The molecular modifications induced by electron beam in various polymer mixtures consisting of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) and methylmethacrylic acid derivatives [08L1] allow to be created hydrogels as temperature-sensitive materials. The swelling degree, Q (equation 12) decreases sharply on the range... 

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