N-chamber

Plumb GW, Lamer N, Chambers SJ, Wanigatunga S, Heany RK, Plumb JA, Aruoma OI, Halhwell B, Miller NJ and Wilhamson G. 1996a. Are whole extracts and purified glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables antioxidants Free Rad Res 25 75-86. 

Ricketts, R.W., Gota, A.B., Ellis, C.R., Singh, Y.N., Chamber, S., Singh, N.N., and Cooke, J.C. (1994) Clinical effects of buspirone on intractable self-injury in adults with mental retardation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33 270-276. 

So FV, Guthrie N, Chambers AF, Carroll KK. Inhibition of proliferation of estrogen receptorpositive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by flavonoids in the presence and absence of excess estrogen. Cancer Lett. 112, 127-133, 1997. 

Bartlett N, Chambers RD, Roche AJ, Spink RCH, Chacon L, Whalen JM (1996) Chem Comm 1049... 

Hunter, N., Chambers, S.R., Louis, E.J., Borts, R.H. (1996). The mismatch repair system contributes to meiotic sterility in an interspecific yeast hybrid. EMBO J. 15, 1726-1733. 

Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A, Bornstein N, Chambers B, Cote R, Lebrun L, Pirisi A, Norris JW (2000) Seizures after stroke a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol 57 1617-1622... 

One classification of the chamber vapour system is done according to their ability to ensure either unsaturation or saturation with the vapour phase. The N-chamber (normal-chamber) is the simplest one its dimension is about 230 x 230 x 80 mm or... 

Francavilla, R., Castellaneta, S.P, Hadzic, N., Chambers, S.M., Port-mann, B., Tung, J., Cheeseman, R, Heaton, N.D., Mieli-Vergani, G. Prognosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency-related liver disease in the era of pediatric liver transplantation. J. Hepatol. 2000 32 986—992... 

The chromatographic chamber commonly used in TLC can be divided into two categories. A normal chamber (N chamber) is a chromatographic chamber of a large volume with a distance of gas phase in front of a thin-layer greater than about 3 mm. Conversely, a sandwich chamber (S chamber) is a small chromatographic chamber having a small volume and a distance of gas space in front of the thin layer plate less than 3 mm. 

The equilibration of the sorbent thin layer with the vapor phase is easily achieved in the compact S chamber. A threefold larger variation of the Rf values for experiments in unsaturated atmosphere has been observed. Also, it has been proved that, in an unsaturated chamber, the so-called edge effect appears, owing to the more intense evaporation at the edge of the plate. This effect may be avoided by complete saturation of an N chamber with eluent vapor or by using an S chamber. 

In the horizontal chamber, the HPTLC plate is developed from both opposing sides toward the middle. This permits the number of samples to be doubled, as compared with development in an N chamber. The horizontal S chamber is available for plate sizes 10 x 10 cm and 20 x 10 cm. The optimum separation distance for HPTLC silica gel, 45 mm, is still available. 

The chromatographic process takes less than 10 min per plate and the amount of solvent used is much smaller than in an N chamber. On a 20 x 20 cm HPTLC plate, it is possible to simultaneously develop, from both ends to the centers, up to 70 samples, or 35 samples in a single direction, from one end to the other. 

N. Chambers, C. Simmons and M. Wackernagel, Sharing Nature s Interest. Ecological Footprints as an Indicator of Sustainability, London, Sterling, VA, Earthscan, 2000. 

Type of chamber N-chamber with chamber saturation... 

After the layer of sorbent and the solvent system, the next most important influence on the result of a thin-layer chromatogram is the gas space of a developing chamber. However, the development processes that can take place are of so many kinds that they are discussed together in this book and mainly described for the classical normal developing chamber (N-chamber). For completeness, the influence of the chamber atmosphere is also illustrated using examples of other chamber types. 

In contrast to the N-chamber, completely different conditions exist in a sandwich chamber or S-chamber. This type of chamber, introduced by Stahl, is hardly used in TLC nowadays, but is often described in the literature as an example of the influence of the chamber atmosphere. 

---