Myocardial infarction preconditioning

Lange, M., Smul, T.M., Blomeyer, C.A., Redel, A., Klotz, K.N., Roewer, N., and Kehl, F. 2006. Role of the betal-adrenergic pathway in anesthetic and ischemic preconditioning against myocardial infarction in the rabbit heart in vivo. Anesthesiology 105 503-510. 

Sasaki, H., Fukuda, S., Otani, H., Zhu, Li., Yamaura, G., Engelman, R.M., Das, D.K., and Maulik, N. 2002. Hypoxic preconditioning triggers myocardial angiogenesis a novel approach to enhance contractile function reserve in rat with myocardial infarction. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34 335-348. 

Induces late preconditioning against myocardial infarction [151]... 

Protein kinase signal transduction pathways have been extensively studied and characterized in the myocardium. Ischemic preconditioning (IP) and the role of individual kinases involved is where much of the research efforts have been focused. IP is the reduction in susceptibility to myocardial infarction that follows brief periods of sublefhal ischemia (Murry et al, 1986). This reduction can manifest itself as a 4-fold reduction in infarct size, this being secondary to a delay in the onset and rate of cell necrosis during the subsequent lethal ischemia (Marber et al., 1994). 

X.L. Tang, A.B. Stein, G. Shirk and R. Bolli, Hypercholesterolemia blunts NO donor-induced late preconditioning against myocardial infarction in conscious rabbits, Basic Res Cardiol 99(6), 395—403 (2004). 

T. Miura, Y. Ohnuma, A. Kuno, M. Tanno, Y. Ichikawa, Y. Nakamura, T. Yano, T. Miki, J. Sakamoto, K. Shimamoto, Protective role of gap junctions in preconditioning against myocardial infarction, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286, H214-H221 (2004). 

Transient episodes of angina often precede acute myocardial infarction. Such short ischemic episodes may either protect the myocardium by ischemic preconditioning or damage it when associated with coronary microembolization. Common to... 

The main reason is that the need for preconditioning cannot be foreseen. Acute myocardial infarction most frequently strikes unannounced. Thus, the application of preconditioning usually cannot be pre-ordered at will. Indeed, a body of evidence has accumulated that pre-infarction angina, which comes as close to preconditioning as possible, can be protective as regards limiting myocardial necrosis and protective against ventricular arrhythmias.4 10... 

After the value of drugs has been praised, a very simple remedy should not be forgotten Exercise rehabilitation. This modality has been found to reduce mortality after a myocardial infarction278 and in heart failure.279 A host of beneficial effects has been cited of which preconditioning may not be the least. Very recently, prior training has been shown to improve outcome of myocardial infarction in the rat, probably through improvement in remodeling.280... 

Y. Nakagawa, H. Ito, M. Kitakaze, H. Kusuoka, M. Hori, T. Kuzuya, Y. Higashino, K. Fujii, T. Minami-no, Effect of angina pectoris on myocardial protection in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction retrospective clinical evidence of preconditioning , J Am Coll Cardiol 25, 1076-1083 (1995). 

D. Kremastinos, E. Bofilis, G. Karavolias, A. Papalois, L. Kaklamanis, E. Iliodromitis, Preconditioning limits myocardial infarct size in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, Atherosclerosis 150,81 85 (2000). 

Y. Bimbaum, S. L. Hale, R. A. Kloner, Ischemic preconditioning at a distance reduction of myocardial infarct size by partial reduction of blood supply combined with rapid stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle in the rabbit, Circulation 96, 641-6 (1997). 

M. Hill, H. Takano, X.-L. Tang, E. Kodani, G. Shirk, R. Bolli, Nitroglycerin induces late preconditioning against myocardial infarction in conscious rabbits despite development of nitrate tolerance, Circulation 104, 694-699 (2001). 

C. Arnaud, D. Godin-Ribuot, S. Bottari, A. Reinnequin, M. Joyeux, P. Demenge, C. Ribuot, iNOS is a mediator of the heat stress-induced preconditioning against myocardial infarction in vivo in the rat, Cardiovasc Res 58, 118—25 (2003). 

The kallikrein-kinin system appears to be cardioprotective. Bradykinin contributes to the beneficial effect of preconditioning the heart against ischemia and reperfusion injury. In the presence of endothelial cells, bradykinin prevents vascular smooth muscle cell growth and proliferation. Bradykinin stimulates tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) release from the vascular endothelium. In this way, bradykinin may contribute to the endogenous defense against cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. 

The term, arrhythmogenic substrate, became a matter of interest to many researchers. The arrhythmogenic substrate means the pathologic and anatomic preconditions for the initiation of tachyarrhythmias such as myocardial fibrosis, aneurysm, the border zone between normal and ischemic or infarcted tissue, scars, diffuse myocardial injury in cardiomyopathy or the chronic alterations induced by myocarditis, and furthermore, accessory pathways or variations in the specific cardiac conduction system. These anatomic or pathologic altera-... 

Endogenous opioid peptides are increased in myocardial ischemia. Their effect is mediated through presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. Opioids limit the release of stimulating catecholamines by its presynaptic action while opioid receptor agonists act via Gi -linked pathways postsynaptically and alter myocardial channel activity and intracellular activities of protein kinases. Table 1. Figure 10. Blockade of 5 and x-opioid receptors reduced the tolerance of the isolated rabbit heart to ischemia and reperfusion.105 Furthermore, blockade of 8-opioid receptor abrogated the ischemic preconditioning mediated cardioprotective effect while activation of 8-opioid receptor by morphine decreased infarct size and apoptosis in a rabbit model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion.106... 

A. Efstathiou, S. Seraskeris, C. Papakonstantinou, A. Aidonopoulos, A. Lazou, Differential effect of preconditioning on post-ischemic myocardial performance in the absence of substantial infarction and in extensively infarced rat hearts, Eur J Cardiolhorac Surg 19,493-499 (2001). 

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