Muscle potential

Springer ML, Chen AS, Kraft PE, Bednarski M, Blau HM. VEGF gene delivery to muscle potential role for vasculogenesis in adults. Mol Cc//1998 2 549-558. 

Physiologically, early reinnervation is marked by polyphasic nerve and muscle potentials, due to the polyneuronal innervation. Muscle contractions are weak and slow, with a prolonged rate of rise to peak amplitude, all characteristics of the immature neuromuscular system. With time, more complete reinnervation occurs, and many of the contractile... 

Carriero, N.J. (1975). The effects of paced tapping on heart rate, skin conductance, and muscle potential. Psychophysiology, 12, 130-135. 

The second most common way to control the movement of the device is by imposing from the potentiostat or galvanostat the flow of a constant direct current between WE and CE a galvanostatic experiment. In this case, we can follow the evolution of the muscle potential (potential of the CP layer versus the RE) with time, recording the cronopotentiometric response. 

When different experiments are performed at a constant current under different values of any variable acting in the reaction (the above mentioned or different external pressure or mechanical stress they act on the volume change), the evolution of the muscle potential ( ) during the movement must be influenced by the variable. This contains a unique possibility the actuating device under the control of the current can sense, through E, any variable (such as those indicated above) acting on the electrochemical reaction. 

When the mechanical resistance of the obstacle exceeds the mechanical energy produced by the device, the device is unable to shift the obstacle and the muscle potential steps to very high values at the moment of contact. So we have a muscle with tactile sense quite simple response-analysis software can transform the ensemble (computer, potentiostat, and device) into a conscious system. The system indicates when a muscle, or the mechanical tool driven by the muscle, touches an obstacle and how much mechanical resistance the obstacle opposes. 

Mymin D, Cuddy TE, Sinha SN, et al. Inhibition of demand pacemakers by skeletal muscle potentials. JAMA 1973 223 527—532. 

Diaphragmatic muscle potential oversensing is. bipolar lead than an integrated bipolar lead. 

Diaphragmatic muscle potential oversensing may be eliminated by ventricular sensitivity. 

Figiue 4b, b show the calibration lines (muscle potential and consumed energy, respectively) for muscles sensing the working electrolyte concentration after three different times of current flow. Figiue 4c, c show the calibration lines for the muscle thermal sensor and Fig. 4d, d for the muscle current sensor from similar results to those shown by Fig. 4a attained now at different temperatures or under flow of different constant currents. Theoretical and experimental results as thermal, mechanical, chemical and electrical sensors for different conducting polymers and electrolytes have been reviewed recently (Otero and Martinez 2015). 

Fig. 4 Anodic experimental (full lines) and theoretical (dotted lines) chronopotentiograms (evolution of the muscle potential) obtained by flow of 0.75 mA through a polypyrrole/tape bilayer muscles including 1.6 mg of active pPy describing every time a movement of iz/2 radians in a different concentration of LiC104 aqueous solution, (b) Experimental and theoretical (Eqs. 8 and 9) muscle potentials after flow of three (always the same) intermediate charges when the muscles go through the same intermediate angles, in different electrolyte concentrations, (c) at different temperatures, and (d) imder different driving currents (b ) evolution of the experimental and theoretical consumed electrical energies after the same times of current flow as a function of the electrolyte concentration (c ) at different temperatures and (d ) under different apphed currents (Reproduced from Otero et al. (2012), Martinez and Otero (2012) with permission of the ACS)...

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