Murray collection

As with insects, the origin of antibiotic-resistant genes in the environment is not directly associated with exposure to antibiotics. The only bacterial collection that exists from the pre-antibiotic era (prior to 1954) is the Murray collection of enterobacteria. Antibiotic resistance in these samples was negligible, supporting the fact that resistance pre-dates antibiotic occurrence, but also supporting that its occurrence was rare. Antibiotic resistance has also been found in bacteria harvested from remote locations, areas where the presence of antibiotics seems unlikely. For example, sediments harvested at two different field sites, from between 170 and 259 meters below the land surface, were found to contain over 150 strains of bacteria, with 90 percent of them being resistant to at least one antibiotic. 

Pupp, C., Lao, R.C., Murray, J. J., Pottie, R.F. (1974) Equilibrium vapor concentrations of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic trioxide (As4Os) and selenium dioxide, and the collection efficiencies of these air pollutants. Atoms. Environ. 8, 915-925. 

Cranston and Murray [35,36] took samples in polyethylene bottles that had been pre-cleaned at 20 °C for four days with 1% distilled hydrochloric acid. Total chromium Cr(VI) + Cr(III) + Crp (Crp particulate chromium) was coprecipitated with iron (II) hydroxide, and reduced chromium Cr(III) + Crp was co-precipitated with iron (III) hydroxide. These co-precipitation steps were completed within minutes of the sample collection to minimise storage problems. The iron hydroxide precipitates were filtered through 0.4 pm Nu-cleopore filters and stored in polyethylene vials for later analysis in the laboratory. Particulate chromium was also obtained by filtering unaltered samples through 0.4 pm filters. In the laboratory the iron hydroxide co-precipitates were dissolved in 6 N distilled hydrochloric acid and analysed by flameless atomic absorption. The limit of detection of this method is about 0.1 to 0.2 nM. Precision is about 5%. 

Essentially the same amino acids, and nearly equal quantities of D and L enantiomers, were detected in the Murray meteorite, another type II carbonaceous chondrite [6]. Recent expeditions to Antarctica have returned with a large number of meteorites, many of which are carbonaceous chondrites. These may have been protected from terrestrial contamination by the pristine Antarctic ice. Careful analysis of two of these, the Yamato (74662) and the Allan Hills (77306), both type II carbonaceous chondrites, by ion exchange chromatography, gas chromatography, and GC/MS, have detected a wide variety of both protein and non-protein amino acids in approximately equal D and L abundances [9,10]. Fifteen amino acids were detected in the Yamato meteorite and twenty in the Allan Hills, the most abundant being glycine and alanine. The amino acid content of the Yamato meteorite is comparable with that of the Murchison and Murray, but the Allan Hills contains 1/5 to 1/10 that quantity. Unlike earlier meteorites from other locations, the quantities of amino acids in the exterior and interior portions of the Yamato and Allan Hills meteorites are almost identical [9,10]. Thus, these samples may have been preserved without contamination since their fall in the blue ice of Antarctica, which js 250,000 years old in the region of collection. 

Murray HE, Beck JN. 1990. Concentrations of selected chlorinated pesticides in shrimp collected from the Calcasieu River/Lake complex, Louisiana. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 44 798-804. 

Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide have been detected in several aquatic species. Heptachlor was measured in shrimp collected from the Calcasieu River/Lake Complex in Louisiana at concentrations ranging from 10 to 750 ppb (Murray and Beck 1990). A survey of organic compound concentrations in whole body tissues of the Asiatic clam Corbicula manilensis was conducted on the Apalachicola River in northwest Florida in 1979-1980 as part of the Apalachicola River Quality Assessment. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in the whole body tissue of the clam at concentrations ranging from <0.1 to 0.6 ppb, with a median concentration of 0.3 ppb (Elder and Mattraw 1984). 

The carbazole-l,4-quinones represent an important family of carbazole alkaloids (105,106). Except for clausenaquinone A (112), all carbazole-l,4-quinones isolated from natural sources have a 3-methylcarbazole-l,4-quinone skeleton. The plants of the genus Murray a (Rutaceae) are the major natural source of carbazole-l,4-quinone alkaloids. In 1983, Furukawa et al. reported the first isolation of a carbazole-1, 4-quinone, murrayaquinone A (107), from the root bark of M. euchrestifolia collected in Taiwan (28,29). In subsequent years, the same group reported the isolation of various carbazole-1,4-quinones from the root or stem bark of the same plant murrayaquinone B (108) (28,29), murrayaquinone C (109) (28,29), murrayaquinone D (110) (29), and murrayaquinone E (111) (70) (Scheme 2.21). 

Pupp, C., R. C. Lao, J. J. Murray, and R. F. Pottie, Equilibrium Vapor Concentrations of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, As406 and Se02, and the Collection Efficiencies of These Air Pollutants, Atmos. Environ., 8, 915-925 (1974). 

The Base Peak site (http //www.spectroscopynow.com/coi/cda/hoinc.cda chId=4) is the most comprehensive web resource for mass spectrometrists. Developed by Kermit Murray and John Wiley Sons, it contains a collection of links to mass spectrometry Internet sites. 

Haeckel E. (1899-1904b) Radiolarians. From Kunstformen der Natur based on Report on radiolaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876 by (eds. C. W. Thompson and J. Murray), vol. 18, pp. 1-1760, FIMSO, London. Plate reproduced from Art Forms in Nature (1974) Dover Publications, New York and in Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems (eds. T. L. Simpson and B. E. Volcani 1978). 

Collectively, when Murray s findings are teamed with recent advances from biometrically informative twin and adoption studies, the causal significance of SES, for most environments found in industrialized societies, becomes attenuated further. It also motivates the necessity of more general scientific tools. 

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