Murad

Watson L R, Thiem T L, Dressier R A, Salter R FI and Murad E 1993 Fligh temperature mass speotrometrio studies of the bond energies of gas-phase ZnO, NIG, and CuO J. Phys. Chem. 97 5577-80... 

A chemical basis for their action was proposed in 1977 by Fend Murad who showed that all were... 

E. Y. Murad, L. V. HiUier, md E. R. Kilpatrick, Boiler Flue Gas Desulfurisyation by Flyash Mlkali, Morgmtown Energy Research Center Report, Morgmtown, W. Va., 1976, pp. 450—460. 

SOHAIL MURAD Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois... 

The first Monte Carlo study of osmotic pressure was carried out by Panagiotopoulos et al. [16], and a much more detailed study was subsequently carried out using a modified method by Murad et al. [17]. The technique is based on a generalization of the Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) method applied to membrane equihbria. The Gibbs ensemble method has been described in detail in many recent reports so we will only summarize the extension of the method to membrane equilibria here [17]. In the case of two phases separated by semi-permeable membranes... 

Panagiotopoulos et al. [16] studied only a few ideal LJ mixtures, since their main objective was only to demonstrate the accuracy of the method. Murad et al. [17] have recently studied a wide range of ideal and nonideal LJ mixtures, and compared results obtained for osmotic pressure with the van t Hoff [17a] and other equations. Results for a wide range of other properties such as solvent exchange, chemical potentials and activity coefficients [18] were compared with the van der Waals 1 (vdWl) fluid approximation [19]. The vdWl theory replaces the mixture by one fictitious pure liquid with judiciously chosen potential parameters. It is defined for potentials with only two parameters, see Ref. 19. A summary of their most important conclusions include ... 

The simulations to investigate electro-osmosis were carried out using the molecular dynamics method of Murad and Powles [22] described earher. For nonionic polar fluids the solvent molecule was modeled as a rigid homo-nuclear diatomic with charges q and —q on the two active LJ sites. The solute molecules were modeled as spherical LJ particles [26], as were the molecules that constituted the single molecular layer membrane. The effect of uniform external fields with directions either perpendicular to the membrane or along the diagonal direction (i.e. Ex = Ey = E ) was monitored. The simulation system is shown in Fig. 2. The density profiles, mean squared displacement, and movement of the solvent molecules across the membrane were examined, with and without an external held, to establish whether electro-osmosis can take place in polar systems. The results clearly estab-hshed that electro-osmosis can indeed take place in such solutions. 

S. Murad, J. G. Powles, B. Holtz. Osmosis and reverse osmosis in solutions Monte-Carlo simulations and van der Waals one-fluid theory. Mol Phys 55 1473, 1995. 

J. G. Powles, S. Murad, B. Holtz. A novel osmotic pressure route to the activity coefficient of a molecule in a solution. Chem Phys Lett 245 178, 1995. 

S. Murad, P. Ravi, J. G. Powles. A computer simulation study of fluids in model slit, tubular and cubic micropores. J Chem Phys 95 9771, 1993. 

F. Paritosh, S. Murad. Molecular simulation of osmosis and reverse osmosis in aqueous electrolyte solutions. AIChE J 42 2984, 1996 S. Murad, K. Oder, J. Lin. Molecular simulation of osmosis, reverse osmosis, and electro-osmosis in aqueous and methanolic electrolyte solutions. Mol Phys 95 401, 1998 J. G. Powles, S. Murad. The molecular simulation of semi-permeable membranes—osmosis, reverse osmosis and electro-osmosis. J Mol Liq 75 225, 1998. 

S. Murad, R. Madhusudan, J. G. Powles. A molecular simulation to investigate the possibility of electro-osmosis in non-ionic solutions with uniform electric fields. Mol Phys 90 671, 1997 R. Madhususan, J. Lin, S. Murad. Molecular simulations of electro-osmosis in fluid mixtures using semi-permeable membranes. Eluid Phase Equil 150 91, 1998. 

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