Multilayer characterized

Chance B 1991 Optical method Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 20 1-28 Granstrom M, Berggren M and Ingan s O 1995 Micrometer- and nanometer-sized polymeric light-emitting diodes Science 267 1479-81 Hanken D G and Com R M 1995 Variable index of refraction ultrathin films formed from self-assembled zirconium phosphonate multilayers Characterization by surface plasma resonance measurements and polarization/modulation FT-IR spectroscopy Anal. Chem. 67 3761-74... 

In the crystalline state and in LB-multilayers Characterization of photoproducts by UV/VIS-spectra and IR-spectta... 

As a general rule, adsorbates above their critical temperatures do not give multilayer type isotherms. In such a situation, a porous absorbent behaves like any other, unless the pores are of molecular size, and at this point the distinction between adsorption and absorption dims. Below the critical temperature, multilayer formation is possible and capillary condensation can occur. These two aspects of the behavior of porous solids are discussed briefly in this section. Some lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) recommendations for the characterization of porous solids are given in Ref. 178. 

Both Type III and Type V isotherms are characterized by convexity towards the relative pressure axis, commencing at the origin. In Ty )e III isotherms the convexity persists throughout their course (Fig. 5.1(a), whereas in Type V isotherms there is a point of inflection at fairly high relative pressure, often 0-5 or even higher, so that the isotherm bends over and reaches a plateau DE in the multilayer region of the isotherm (cf. Fig. 5.1 (b)) sometimes there is a final upward sweep near saturation pressure (see DE in Fig. 5.1(b)) attributable to adsorption in coarse mesopores and macropores. 

Multilayered structures play an important role in the production of, e.g., biomaterials, catalysts, corrosion protectors, detectors/diodes, gas and humidity sensors, integral circuits, optical parts, solar cells, and wear protection materials. One of the most sophisticated developments is a head-up-display (HUD) for cars, consisting of a polycarbonate substrate and a series of the layers Cr (25 nm), A1 (150 nm), SiO, (55 nm), TiO, (31 nm), and SiO, (8 nm). Such systems should be characterized by non-destructive analytical methods. 

Defect imaging and characterization atomic arrangements in amorphous materials and multilayers concentration profiles with depth film thickness measurements... 

XRD is an excellenr, nondestructive method for identifying phases and characterizing the structural properties of thin films and multilayers. It is inexpensive and easy to implement. The future will see more use of GIXD and depth dependent measurements, since these provide important information and can be carried out on lab-based equipment (rather than requiring synchrotron radiation). Position sensitive detectors will continue to replace counters and photographic film. 

Jensen, H., Sobota, J., and Sorensen, G., A Study of Film Growth and Tribological Characterization of Nanostructured C-N/TiNx Multilayer coatings," Surf. Coat. Technol., Vol. 94/95,1997, pp. 174-178. 

Adsorption phenomena from solutions onto sohd surfaces have been one of the important subjects in colloid and surface chemistry. Sophisticated application of adsorption has been demonstrated recently in the formation of self-assembhng monolayers and multilayers on various substrates [4,7], However, only a limited number of researchers have been devoted to the study of adsorption in binary hquid systems. The adsorption isotherm and colloidal stabihty measmement have been the main tools for these studies. The molecular level of characterization is needed to elucidate the phenomenon. We have employed the combination of smface forces measmement and Fomier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) to study the preferential (selective) adsorption of alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and propanol) onto glass surfaces from their binary mixtures with cyclohexane. Om studies have demonstrated the cluster formation of alcohol adsorbed on the surfaces and the long-range attraction associated with such adsorption. We may call these clusters macroclusters, because the thickness of the adsorbed alcohol layer is about 15 mn, which is quite large compared to the size of the alcohol. The following describes the results for the ethanol-cycohexane mixtures [10],... 

Nakanishi, T, Ohtani, B. and Uosaki, K. (1998) Fahrication and characterization of CdS-nanopartide mono- and multilayers on a self-assemhled monolayer of alkanedifhiols on gold, f Phys. Chem. B, 102, 1571-1577. 

Yonemura, H., Yanagita, M., Horiguchi, M., Nagamatsu, S. and Yamada, S. (2008) Characterization of mono- and multilayered films with Mn +-doped ZnS nanopartides and luminescence properties of the monolayered films prepared hy applying magnetic fields. Thin Solid Films, 516, 2432—2437. 

Another type of model electrode uses multilayer electrolytic deposits, which attracted the interest of electrochemists long before physical methods for their structural characterization were introduced. These electrodes were usually characterized by their roughness factors rather than particle size, the former being of the order of 10 -10 (for original references, see the review [Petrii and Tsirhna, 2001]). Multilayer electrolytic deposits have very complex stmctures [Plyasova et al., 2006] consisting of nanometer-sized crystallites joined together via grain boundaries, and hence have very pecuhar electrocatalytic properties [Cherstiouk et al., 2008] they will not be considered further in this chapter. 

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