Polymeric light emitting diode

By 1988, a number of devices such as a MOSFET transistor had been developed by the use of poly(acetylene) (Burroughes et al. 1988), but further advances in the following decade led to field-effect transistors and, most notably, to the exploitation of electroluminescence in polymer devices, mentioned in Friend s 1994 survey but much more fully described in a later, particularly clear paper (Friend et al. 1999). The polymeric light-emitting diodes (LEDs) described here consist in essence of a polymer film between two electrodes, one of them transparent, with careful control of the interfaces between polymer and electrodes (which are coated with appropriate films). PPV is the polymer of choice. 

Single- and heterolayer polymeric light emitting diodes based on poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and oxadiazole polymers W. RieB Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices, S. Miyata and H.S. Nalwa, Eds., Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp. 73-146... 

S.A. Carter, M. Angelopoulos, S. Karg, P.J. Brock, and J.C. Scott, Polymeric anodes for improved polymer light-emitting diode performance, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70 2067-2069, 1997. 

J.P. Chen, G. Klaerner, J.-I. Lee, D. Markiewicz, V.Y. Lee, R.D. Miller, and J.C. Scott, Efficient, blue light-emitting diodes using cross-linked layers of polymeric arylamine and fluorene, Synth. Met., 107 129-135, 1999. 

M. Granstrom, M. Berggren, and O. Inganas, Micrometer- and nanometer-sized polymeric light emitting diodes, Science, 267 1479-1481, 1995. 

M. Granstrom and O. Inganas, Flexible arrays of sub-micron sized polymeric light-emitting diodes, Adv. Mater., 7 1012-1015, 1995. 

C. Schmitz, P. Posch, M. Thelekkat, H.-W. Schmidt, A. Montali, K. Feldman, P. Smith, and C. Weder, Polymeric light-emitting diodes based on poly(p-phenylene ethynylene), poly(triphenyldia-mine), and spiroquinoxaline, Adv. Fund. Mater., 11 41 46, 2001. 

M. Strukelj, T.M. Miller, F. Papadimitrakopoulos, and S. Son, Effects of polymeric electron transporters and the structure of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) on the performance of light-emitting diodes, /. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 11976-11983, 1995. 

C. Wang, M. Kilitziraki, L.-O. Palsson, M.R. Bryce, A.P. Monkman, and I.D.W. Samuel, Polymeric alkoxy PBD r2-(4-biphenyl)-5-phenyl-l,3,4-oxadiazole] for light-emitting diodes, Adv. Fund. Mater., 11 47-50, 2001. 

Low molecular weight and polymeric heterocyclics as electron transport/hole-blocking materials in organic light-emitting diodes... 

L.S. Hung, L.R. Zheng, and M.G. Mason, Anode modification in organic light-emitting diodes by low-frequency plasma polymerization of CHF3, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78 673-675 (2001). 

KM Vaeth and CW Tang, Light-emitting diodes based on phosphorescent guest/polymeric host systems, J. Appl. Phys., 92 3447-3453, 2002. 

KM Vaeth and J Dicillo, High-efficiency doped polymeric organic light-emitting diodes, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., 41 2715-2725, 2003. 

J.S. Kim, M. Granstrom, R.H. Friend, N. Johansson, W.R. Salaneck, R. Daik, W.J. Feast, and F. Cacialli, Indium-tin oxide treatments for single- and double-layer polymeric light-emitting diodes the relation between the anode physical, chemical, and morphological properties and the device performance, J. Appl. Phys., 84 6859-6870, 1998. 

R. Paetzold, K. Heuster, D. Henseler, S. Roeger, G. Weittmann, and A. Winnacker, Performance of flexible polymeric light-emitting diodes under bending conditions, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82 3342-3344, 2003. 

F Papadimitrakopoulos, DL Thomsen, and KA Higginson, Quinoline-Based Polymeric Metal Chelate Light-Emitting Diodes, Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 3148, San Diego, 1997, pp. 170-177. 

R.K. Kasim, M. Pomerantz, and R.L. Elsenbaumer, A simple method for fabricating polymeric light-emitting diodes, Chem. Mater., 10 235-237, 1998. 

Polymeric gem-peroxides, 18 460 Polymeric light-emitting diodes (LED), 26 803... 

Tanase C, Meijer EJ, Blom PWM, de Leeuw DM (2003) Unification of the hole transport in polymeric field-effect transistors and light-emitting diodes. Phys Rev Lett 91 216601... 

Becker et al. (5) prepared polymeric organic light-emitting diodes by copolymerizing 4,7-dibromobenzo[l,2,5]-thiadiazole, (IV), and 4,7-dibromobenzo-furazone, (V), with spirobifluorene derivatives. Polymerizations were performed under Yamamoto conditions. 

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