Multi-chain interactions

Such simple calculations on pairs of chain segments are mainly useful as bridges between the single-chain and the many-chain assembly levels of calculation. They provide information on the preferred interactions of two chain segments in the absence of other chain segments. Comparison of their results with the results for isolated chains and multi-chain assemblies can facilitate the identification of which effects are primarily caused by (i) intrachain factors, (ii) the intrinsically preferred patterns of interaction between pairs of chains, and (iii) constraints and/or superpositions of effects induced by large-scale packing. [34]... 

This effect can be explained with a reversible adsorption of resin molecules to the freshly provided surfaces of silica particles produced by shearing down the cluster structure of the N20 network. The re-formation of the netwoik requires at least a partial desorption of the resin molecules which is a slow and time-consuming process due to the multi-point interaction of the resin chains with the silica surface [12]. 

By the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation we have rewritten the partition function of the interacting multi-chain systems in terms of noninteracting chains in complex fluctuating fields, il7 -i- W and il7 - W. hi field theoretical polymer simulations, one samples the fields U and W via computer simulation using the above Hamiltonian (cf. Sect. 4.4). 

Some proteins consist of more than one polypeptide chain the way in which the chains interact with each other after they have separately formed their secondary and tertiary structures is the quaternary structure of the protein. Interactions between the subunits of multi-subunit proteins, involving changes in quaternary structure and the conformation of the protein, affecting activity, are important in a number of regulatory enzymes (sections 2.3.3.3 and 10.2.1). 

Viscoelastic polymers essentially dominate the multi-billion dollar adhesives market, therefore an understanding of their adhesion behavior is very important. Adhesion of these materials involves quite a few chemical and physical phenomena. As with elastic materials, the chemical interactions and affinities in the interface provide the fundamental link for transmission of stress between the contacting bodies. This intrinsic resistance to detachment is usually augmented several folds by dissipation processes available to the viscoelastic media. The dissipation processes can have either a thermodynamic origin such as recoiling of the stretched polymeric chains upon detachment, or a dynamic and rate-sensitive nature as in chain pull-out, chain disentanglement and deformation-related rheological losses in the bulk of materials and in the vicinity of interface. 

The Seismic Safety Margins Research Program developed a computer code called SMACS (Seismic Methodology Analysis Chain with Statistics) for calculating the seismic responses of structures, systems, and components. This code links the seismic input as ensembles of acceleration time histories with the calculations of the soil-structure interactions, the responses of major structures, and the responses of subsystems. Since uses a multi-support approach to perform the time-history response calculations for piping subsystems, the correlations between component responses can be handled explicitly. SMACS is an example of the codes that are available for calculating seismic response for PSA purposes. 

In the present paper we describe the catalytic mechanisms of synthetic polymer-Cu complexes a catalytic interaction between the metal ions which attached to a polymer chain at high concentration and an environmental effect of polymer surrounding Cu ions. In the latter half, the catalytic behavior is compared with the specific one of tyrosinase enzyme in the melanin-formation reaction which is a multi-step reaction. To the following polymers Cu ions are combined. 

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