Motor nervous system, defined

The PNS is defined as that part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord (Figure 30.1). As such, the PNS includes the cranial nerves, dorsal and ventral spinal roots, spinal nerves and their branches, and ganglia. The primary function of the PNS is to convey sensory and motor information, including informa-... 

It has been long demonstrated that Ca " is essential for neurotransmitter release. The existence of multiple types of Ca " channels and the fact that several of them can coexist in the same cell type has raised questions about which channel (or channels) contribute to the control of the dehvery of the Ca " necessary to trigger a secretory signal in a particular synapse. We will therefore review throughout this section how the different Ca " channel subtypes (defined by co-conotoxin blockade of neurosecretion) control the release of neurotransmitters depending on the synapse, the neurotransmitter, and the animal species. Tables 5.4 through 5.7 summarize how Ca " entry through different Ca " channel subtypes control neurotransmitter release at different sites of the central and peripheral nervous system, motor nerve terminals, and chromaffin cells. 

Proprioception is defined as cumulative neural inputs originating from joints, tendons, muscles, and associated deep tissue proprioceptors, which project to the central nervous system (CNS) for processing stimuli and ultimately results in regulation of reflexes and motor control [1]. Initially, proprioceptive stimuli are... 

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