Moths continued

This variability in temporal characteristics also exists across insect species. For instance, in cockroaches certain ORNs show onset and offset of firing correlated with stimulation (Getz and Akers, 1997) whereas some ORNs in T sensilla of moths continue firing after the end of odor delivery (Anderson et al., 1995). The occurrence of excitatory and inhibitory responses in single ORNs (depolarization and hyperpolarization, respectively) was noted by Boeckh (1967) in a beetle and a blowfly and is well documented in lobsters (Ache and Zhainazarov, 1995). Inhibitory responses were also observed in patch-clamp recordings of Drosophila antennal ORNs (Dubin and Harris, 1997). Hyperpolarizing currents were due to a decrease in an outward Cl current. 

The classic seed burial studies of W. J. Beal and his successors have shown seeds of at least one weed species, Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria L.) can remain viable in soil for a peiod of 100 years, whereas three species continued to germinate after 80 years of burial (30). Weed seeds not only resist decay by soil microbes, but they vary in dormancy characteristics. There is considerable evidence that chemical inhibitors are responsible for both phenomena. Unsaturated lactones and phenolic compounds in particular, are potent antimicrobial compounds present in many seeds (4J. Fruits and seeds are also known to contain diverse germination inhibitors including phenolic compounds, flavonoids and/or their glycosides and tannins. Unique methods to destroy inhibitors could provide an excellent weed management strategy. 

Ignoring Geigy s biologists, Muller continued testing. He tried DDT on root-eating May bugs, winter moths, and Colorado potato beetles, the scourge of Swiss potato fields. In a key trial, Muller went outside and sprin-... 

It is the existence of these organs that many of the Families of Lepidoptera, especially among the moths, owe the continuance of the species. They operate in the association of the sexes, with such an irrestible and far-reaching force as to exceed our conception and to be marvelous to our eyes.. .. Can not chemistry come to the aid of the economic entomologist in furnishing at moderate cost, the odorous substances needed Is the imitation of some of the more powerful animal secretions impracticable ... 

Continuous insect cell lines were first established in culture over three decades ago when Grace [45] succeed in growing cells from female Antherea eucalypti moth ovaries. Since Grace s first report on four cell lines, over 400 lines have been established from more than 100 insect species representing every economically important insect order [46,47]. 

Little is known of canaline toxicity in whole animals or plants. Canaline-fed tobacco hornworm larvae grew poorly, exhibited much more deformity, and succumbed in larger numbers than the controls (8). This ornithine analogue is neurotoxic to the adult moth where it induces almost continuous motor activity. 

Decay curves whose shape can be described by multi-exponential functions under constant climatic conditions are generally observed. In contrast, the emission properties of substances from household products are related to human activities. Therefore, emission properties of household products depend on how the products are used. For example, moth crystals and toilet deodorizers are designed for continuous use. Consequently, they emit volatile components at a constant emission rate. On the other hand, spontaneous release of VOC from sprays, waxes, liquid cleaners and other detergents leads to short-time high concentrations, which decay rapidly. 

Natural stimuli are never block-shaped increases of concentration but rather continuous series of sharp rises and drops in concentrations across a wide dynamic range (Murlis et al., 1992). Odor quality may be encoded in the first 200 ms while the off-characterisitics determine the accuracy with which the end of stimulation and the separation of rapid odor pulses are detected. This has proven to be highly relevant for mechanism of oriented flight (Vickers and Baker, 1996). In fact such differences in ability to follow rapid sequences of odor pulses were demonstrated for two moth ORNs that respond to the same pheromone component but with different temporal accuracy (Almaas et al., 1991). If temporal patterns of activity in single ORNs depend on which odorant they respond to, some odors can be encoded with high temporal accuracy in one ORN, while leaving other... 

The young larvae stay for about 1-2 days on the surface of the fruit and then start to burrow into the fruit. They make a small spiral tunnel initially (not as distinct as in the case of Grapholita lobarzewskii) and then continue burrowing straight towards the core. The codling moth... 

---