Morphological studies with scanning electron

Membrane morphology is studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) thereby providing an Insight into the relationship between asymmetric membrane preparation, structure, and performance (29,3A). The extent of ion exchange of the salt form of the SPSF membranes is studied with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), neutron activation analysis (NAA), and ESCA. AAS is used for solution analysis, NAA for the bulk membrane analysis, and ESCA for the surface analysis. 

In addition small-scale exposures at 870"C were used to study further the role of water vapour with 20 vol.-% and 30 vol.-% water vapour in air in an alumina tube furnace. Phase morphology was studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM). To distinguish between the glassy and crystalline phases some samples were etched in 2-% HF-solution. Phase composition was determined by a quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis based on the internal standard, Cap2, method. The chemical composition of the amorphous phase in the binder was determined locally with EDS analysis in SEM. A bulk chemical analysis of the amorphous phases in binder was performed by Induction Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The samples were crushed powders of as-received and 500 h at water vapour bulk exposed (w) materials. The glassy phase was dissolved in HF-HNO3 solution. Open porosity, apparent and bulk densities of each specimen were determined by Archimedes method before and after the tests. 

The product of the interaction of chlorine gas with poly-DCH was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) our SEM studies of pristine and brominated poly-DCH were previously rep>orted (lb). A sample at magnification 1500 is shown in Figure 1. Compared to pristine p>oly-DCH, Figure 1 reveals that a fibrous morphology is reUuned, but the fibers of the chlorinated polymer appear thicker and rougher than those of the reactant. 

Analysis and spectroscopic study. The elemental analysis was performed with anICP-6000 spectrometer. The precursors crystallization was studied by thermal analysis methods (TG85). The samples were analysed by IR spectroscopy (Nicollet, FTIR-7500) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD, DRON-3). The morphology of surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL, JSM-6100). The density of KTP particles was determined by a sink-float method. Local x-ray analysis was performed using Link ISIS microanalysis system (Si Li detector) mounted on Jeol 2000 FX microscope. Bruker-400 apparatus was used for P, C and H NMR study of precursor solution. The YAG Nd SHG was measured on LS-10 device. 

The morphology of as spun, stabilized and earbonized electrospun 15% PAN fibers are studied using scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 8.8 (a-c)) [91]. All these figures show the formation of random fibers. The diameter of the fiber deereases with increase in stabilization and carbonization temperatures. 

Copolymer resin (p-CAF) was synthesized by the condensation of p-cresol and adipamide with formaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid as catalyst and using varied molar ratios of reacting monomers. A composition of the copolymers has been determined on the basis of their elemental analysis. The number average molecular weight of resins was determined by conductometric titration in non-aqueous medium. The copolymer resins were characterized by viscometric measurements in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), UV-visible absorption spectra in non-aqueous medium, infrared (IR) spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The morphology of the copolymers was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 

SEM studies. The surface morphology of KL and KLd was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a JEOL JSM-6400. The microscope was equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyser that was used for observing the dispersion of the mineral matter in KL and KLd. 

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