Morphological Elements

More insight into the internal structure of the stacks of lamellae follows from electron microscopic studies on ultra-thin slices if these are stained. 

The presented three micrographs are typical and they indeed exemplify the basic structural principle in the morphology of semicrystalline polymers These are built up as a two-phase structure, and are composed of layer-like crystallites that are separated by amorphous regions. 

There are cases in which the granular substructure is also seen in AFM tapping mode images. The example presented in Fig. 5.10 was obtained for a sample of isotactic pol3rpropylene (iPP). 

The blocky substructure is fundamental for the deformation properties of semicrystalline pol3miers. A main 3delding mechanism is block sliding, which sets in in a cooperative manner at the 3deld point (see Figs. 10.13 and 10.14 in Sect. 10.1). The strain-controlled, comparatively simple deformation properties of semicrystalhne pol3miers are mainly based on the many degrees of 

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The primary popcorn particles give a variety of different shapes in the final product. Electron microphotographs are given in Figures 7-9. The morphological elements of the popcorn polymer have dimensions of several /on. 

Crystalline polymer component Surface morphology Polymer morphology Elemental concentration oxidation state Elemental concentration... 

The chemical composition of bark is complicated, varies among the different tree species and also depends on the morphological elements involved. Many of the constituents present in wood also occur in bark, although their proportions are different. Typical of bark is its high content of certain soluble constituents (extractives) such as pectin and phenolic compounds as well as suberins. The mineral content of bark is also much higher than that in wood. 

Besides the known from literature on HIPS morphology elements of microstructure in electron microscope photos obtained by means of the described above method a new phenomenon is obtained which is not seen in the pictures made by Kato method (10) and in the pictures of the fracttires which were not worked out by the solvent vapours - on the smoothed surface of polystyrene matrix a net of crazes is clearly seen. 

The method discussed in the paper, is based on forming a continuous conductive network of the morphological elements of charge transfer (CT) complex which crystallizes during solidification of the polymeric matrix. 

It is worthwhile mentioning a new direction in physicochemistry of nanoparticles chemistry of gigantic clusters. A number of synthesis methods for com-pormds with metal-metal links whose nuclearity reaches several hundreds have been elaborated lately. It was noted earlier that severe conditions of synthesis (i.e., the large specific area Sjp of nanoparticles, which is also characterized by small-size morphological elements) can induce variations in the nanoparticles physicochemical properties and even the violation of the expected atomic structure. Extremely high (or low) temperatures and velocities of the processes and various outer effects (e.g., fast condensation or quenching) assist in formation of nonequilibrium, so-called frozen states in growing y-nuclei particles. 

Some of the methods for locating uranium-containing particles, mentioned earlier, also provide morphological, elemental, or isotopic information. In principle, the whole sample or stub can be transferred from the screening apparatus to other analytical devices and the coordinates of the located particles can be used for further characterization or alternatively individual particles may be manipulated and placed on a TIMS filament, on a silicon planchet or dissolved for determination of the isotopic composition. 

FIG. 9. Generalized representation of morphological elements, their volume fractions and their compositions (p (in terms of local polystyrene fraction). For generality, one phase is shown as pure (ginterphase composition profile... 

Fernandes, M.B., Skjemstad, J.O., Johnson, B.B., Wells, J.D., and Brooks, P. Characterization of carbonaceous combustion residues. 1. Morphological, elemental and spectroscopic features. Qwnwggher 2003 51 785-795. 

Figure 2.12 Overview of structural and morphological elements of PE ranging from the nanometer up to the millimeter scale...

To gain further insight into how the plasma and catalyst interact in this system, we performed some characterisation of the catalysts after a period of treatment in the plasma environment using BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) surface area analysis, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) investigation of the surface morphology, elemental analysis and ATR-IR (attenuated total reflection Infrared) spectroscopy... 

Regulation of the proper assembling of the morphological elements, themselves equal in complexity to viruses (or more complex than viruses), on the basis of the same structural principles is found in bacteria during the formation of intracellular organelles, such as ribosomes and mitochondria. 

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