Monoxide suboxide

All the refractory metals of Group IV and Group V form volatile suboxides at high temperatures. Just as the stability of carbon monoxide increases with an increase in temperature, these oxides also become more stable at higher temperatures. The vapor pressures of these suboxides can be calculated from the relationship ... 

In the case of vanadium, the suboxide, vanadium monoxide, would be more volatile than carbon monoxide except at very high carbon concentrations in the metal. The removal of the residual oxygen from this metal by carbon deoxidation is, therefore, difficult. In the case of niobium and tantalum, the partial pressure of carbon monoxide is higher than that of niobium monoxide or tantalum monoxide, even when the residual carbon concentration in the metal is as low as 200 ppm. It may therefore be expected that practically all the oxygen would be removed by evaporation of carbon monoxide without any metal loss from niobium and tantalum metals containing both oxygen and carbon. 

Bischof An obsolete process for making white lead (basic lead carbonate), invented by G. Bischof around 1900. Lead monoxide was reduced by the carbon monoxide in water-gas to form black lead suboxide, oxidized in damp air to lead hydroxide, slurried in dilute acetic acid, and carbonated with carbon dioxide. Piloted in Willsden, London, and commercialized by L. Mond in the Brimsdown White Lead Company. A sample of Bischof s white lead was used by Holman Hunt in his painting Light of the World, now in St. Paul s Cathedral, London. 

Indium is stable in air at ambient temperature. At red heat, it oxidizes to indium trioxide, In20s. Three other oxides of indium are known the suboxide, In20 [12030-22], monoxide, InO [12136-26-4] and the sesquioxide, In304 [66525-54-0], which is a mixture of the trioxide and monoxide. 

Carbon Suboxide Photoiysis. In principle, carbon suboxide (1) can be used as a precursor to atomic carbon and two molecules of carbon monoxide as shown in Eq. 2. However, this reaction is endothermic by 141 kcal/mol and can only be realized in the vacuum ultraviolet (UV) at wavelengths that destroy most organic substrates. However, photolysis of 1 at 1470 A produces C atoms in a low-temperature matrix. The short wavelength flash photolysis of 1 coupled with atomic absorption has been used to measure the rate constants for various spin states of carbon with simple substrates. 

Tellurium Monoxide or Tellurium Suboxide, TeO, is produced when tellurium-sulphur sesquioxide (see p. 389) is heated in a vacuum at 180° to 225° ., the residue being washed with sodium carbonate solution, hot water and finally alcohol 2... 

Carbon Oxides. Sec also Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Suboxide... 

A number of suboxides of sulfur have been reported, but in general their composition has not been clearly established. Polysulfur oxides of formula Ss- 10O2 are formed by reaction of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. Also, when sulfur is burned with oxygen in very limited supply disulfur monoxide, S20 is formed. This has the structnie... 

In addition to carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (C02), there is a third compound of carbon and oxygen called carbon suboxide. If a 2.500 g sample of carbon suboxide contains 1.32 g of C and 1.18 g of O, show that the law of multiple proportions is followed. 

The element carbon forms three compounds with oxygen, the most common being the dioxide (C02). The others are the very poisonous carbon monoxide (CO) and the relatively less well known carbon suboxide... 

Carbonic Acid.—Berthelot1 observed the decomposition into carbon monoxide and oxygen. The reaction is reversible, an equilibrium occurs, in which, however, the partially ozonized oxygen converts carbon monoxide into carbonic acid and a solid carbon suboxide, C4O3, which Brodie 2 had already formerly observed. Carbon dioxide, under a pressure of 3-10 mm. mercury, splits up very rapidly and up to 70 per cent, into carbon monoxide and oxygen (Norman Collie 3). 

Carbon Monoxide.—Considering the easy decomposability of carbonic acid with splitting off of carbon monoxide, the latter s behavior is particularly interesting. According to Berthelot2 it breaks up into carbonic acid and the above-mentioned suboxide ... 

It is possible that Tetra-nickel Suboxide, Ni40, is capable of existence, for Sabatier and Espil4 claim to have prepared it by reduction of nickel monoxide in a current of hydrogen at 155° to 250° C. 

The velocity curve for the reduction of nickel monoxide by hydrogen in the presence of a dehydrator to remove the evolved water possibly indicates the existence of a suboxide,7 Ni20, but this is not certain. 

The existence of five oxides of palladium has at various times been postulated, namely, the suboxide, Pd20 penta palladium hexoxide, Pd506 the monoxide, PdO the dioxide, Pd02, and the sesquioxide, PdgOa-... 

The Suboxides.—A solid substance said to be tetraphosphorus monoxide, or phosphorus tetritoxide, P40, has been prepared by a number of reactions, amongst which may be mentioned the slow oxidation of phosphorus in ether, and the reduction of phosphorus pentoxide with ammonia, followed by treatment to remove other oxides, namely, washing and evacuation.1 The removal of water from hypophosphorous acid is said also to yield this product, thus... 

The so-called sodium suboxide, obtained by combustion of sodium in a limited supply of oxygen, seems to be either a mixture or solid solution of sodium and sodium monoxide. 

The monoxide is decomposed by heat into silver and oxygen, the liberated metal playing the part of an autocatalyst in accelerating the reaction.5 Finely divided platinum and manganese dioxide also cause acceleration of the transformation. It is decomposed by the action of light, with evolution of oxygen, and possibly formation of silver suboxide. 

Silver monoxide dissolves in water, forming an alkaline solution which turns red litmus blue. At 25° C. its solubility corresponds with 2-16 xlO-4 gram-molecule per litre of water,6 and at 15° C. Rebi re 7 found the same value. It is a strong base, its salts having a neutral reaction. The solution is coloured reddish and decomposed by the action of light, the change being possibly attended by deposition of the suboxide or of colloidal silver. 

Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide cannot be polymerized. However, they can be copolymerized with some monomers. The same is true of sulphur dioxide. Carbon suboxide can be polymerized under certain conditions [62]. 

Ethylenedione. the dimer of carbon monoxide, has attracted chemists interest since at least 1913 when its synthesis by dechlorination of oxalyl chloride was unsuccessfully attempted 37). This substance, which lies between carbon dioxide and carbon suboxide in the series of oxycumulenes, is the simplest possible unsaturated diketone. It can be represented by a number of canonical structures as shown below ... 

The three most stable oxides of carbon are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon-dioxide (C02), and carbon suboxide (C302). The space-filling models for these three compounds are... 

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