Monophyletic clades

With respect to other teleost chemosensory receptor gene families, all fish ora genes form a monophyletic clade, supporting their identification as a single family separate from the other chemosensory receptor families. The ORA clade includes all mammalian V1R receptors thus the ORA family can be considered para-phyletic, with the mammalian VIRs originating as a single subclade within the ORA family. 

In L. lateralis, eleven haplotypes were detected. Phylogenetic tree of the haplotypes was separated into two clades (Japanese and Korean lineages). In Japanese lineage, no monophyletic clades could not be identified, and nucleotide divergences between the haplotypes were quite small (0.3 to 1.4 %), although those between Japan and Korea were much more differentiated (8.1 %). 

It should be added that the traditional sections Erpipomoea and Eriospermum turned out to be not monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses (Miller et al. 1999 Manos et al. 2(X)1). A well-supported monophyletic clade shown in Fig. 3.32 comprises four members of the traditional section Erpipomoea and two members of the traditional section Eriospermum. Exactly this clade is characterized by the occurrence of ergoline alkaloids thus supporting the molecular data (Stech et al. 2007). 

Ser. 3. Neolycopersicon, according to Spooner et al. (1993) on a section level (sect. Lycopersicum), comprises - beside the cultivated Solanum lycopersicum (syn. Lycopersicum esculentum) - eight related wild species. Most parsimonious reconstructions divided the monophyletic clade based on the nuclear ITS rDNA region into three subclades (Marshall et al. 2001) ... 

Figure 2.1 Deuterostome phylogeny. The relationship between hagfish and lampreys is controversial. In some molecular phylogenies (e.g. Mallatt and Sullivan 1998) lampreys and hagfish form a monophyletic clade.

Sharkey, T.D., Gray, D.W., PeU, H.K., Breneman, S.R. et al (2013) Isoprene synthase genes form a monophyletic clade of acyclic terpene synthases in the tps-b terpene synthase family. Evolution, S7, 1026-1040. 

This approach helps to identify compounds or biosynthesis pathways, which constitute apomorphies (characters derived from a common ancestor and present in all members of a monophyletic clade) or homoplasies (evolutionary convergence developed independently in different taxonomic groups or non-inherited characters of a common ancestor, defining a polyphyletic group). 

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